Affecting Factors on Rural Tourism Investment Analyzed through Grounded Theory: The Case of the Villages of Larijan District, Amol, Iran

  • Mehdi HESAM Faculty of Literature, University of Guilan, Rasht
  • Mohammad KAZEMI Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Earth Sciences University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran
  • Mohammad REZAZADEH Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Earth Sciences University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran

Abstract

Tourism, just like other service oriented industries worldwide is a great contributor to the economic, social, cultural and political realms of the given country. Tourism, as an industry is a new phenomenon which encompasses capital, human resources, and all socio economical and cultural aspects of the host country by establishing a network. Accordingly, one of the major strategies for having sustainable development in rural sectors is the rural tourism. This factor has created an investment-oriented mentality in this field. By adopting the grounded theory and qualitative paradigm, attempt is made here to identify the affecting elements for the purpose of attracting domestic investors in tourism industry. The data is compiled through in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions. The statistical population consists of 216 potential investors in the study area and the sampling follows the snowball effect method resulting in the selection of 40 candidates. A total of at least 35 hrs and 30 min are spent on interviewing the 40 investors in order to obtain the theoretical notion. The most effecting factors in attracting investors are: the capital, interests thereof, regulations, spatial features, structural fundamentals, advertisement, economics, culture, policy makings, institutions and the social elements.

References

[1] Abzari, M., Samadi, H. and Teymori, H. 2008. Investigate the factors affecting Investment in the Stock Exchange (Case Study: Isfahan Regional Stock Exchange), Journal of Economic Threads, 10: 162-137, in Persian.
[2] Agheli, L. 2008. The challenges of investing in tourism develop investment. National Conference, University of Tarbiat Modares, in Persian.
[3] Agosin, M.R., Machado, R. 2005. Foreign investment in developing countries: does it crowd in domestic investment? Oxford Development Studies, 33(2): 149-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1360081050013 7749
[4] Akbari, N., Zahedi, M. 2008. The role of foreign direct investment in tourism development, develop investment in tourism, National Conference, University of Tarbiat Modares, in Persian.
[5] Andereck, K.L., Vogt, C.A. 2000. The relationship between residents’ attitudes toward tourism and tourism development options. Journal of Travel Research, 39: 27–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0047287500039 00104
[6] Arian, M., and Bagherian, A. 2000. Protecting of Minority Shareholder rights in Companies of Stock Exchange, in Persian.
[7] Audretsch, D.B., Thurik, R. 2001. Linking entrepreneurship to growth. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/73617003 8056
[8] Azman-Saini, W. N. W., Baharumshah, A. Z., Law, S. H. 2010. Foreign direct investment, economic freedom and economic growth: International evidence. Economic Modelling, 27(5): 1079-1089. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.04.001
[9] Block, P.J. 2006. Agricultural resources and environmental indicators. Chapter 3.4. Productivity and output growth in U.S. agriculture. Economic Research Service/USDA. pp. 77-78.
[10] Bramwell, B., Lane, B. 1993. Sustainable tourism: An evolving global approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1(1): 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669589309450696
[11] Branson, W.H. 1997. Macroeconomics: Theory and Policy, Addison Wesley Publisher, 1-656.
[12] Briedenhann, J., Wickens, E. 2004. Tourism routes as a tool for the economic development of rural areas - vibrant hope or impossible dream? Tourism Management, 25(1): 71-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00063-3
[13] Brohman, J. 1996. New directions in tourism for third world development. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1): 48-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00043-7
[14] Brown, A., and Swersky, A. 2012. The First Billion: A forecast of social investment demand. Boston Consulting Group, London, September.
[15] Chou, M. C. 2013. Does tourism development promote economic growth in transition countries? A panel data analysis. Economic Modelling, 33: 226-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.04.024
[16] Davidson, P. 1986. Finance, funding, saving, and investment. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 9(1): 101-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1986.11489603
[17] Dupor, B. 2001. Investment and interest rate policy. Journal of Economic Theory, 98(1): 85-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jeth.2000.2765
[18] Dwyer, L., Pham, T., Forsyth, P., and Spurr, R. 2014. Destination Marketing of Australia Return on Investment. Journal of Travel Research, 53(3): 281-295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513497836
[19] Echtner, C. M., and Jamal, T. B. 1997. The disciplinary dilemma of tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(4): 868. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00060-1
[20] Greffe, X. 1994. Is rural tourism a lever for economic and social development? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2(1-2): 22-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669589409510681
[21] Griggs, D. et al. 2013. Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, 495(7441): 305-307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669589409510681
[22] Gursoy, D., and Rutherford, D. G. 2004. Host attitudes toward tourism: an improved structural model. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3): 495–516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.08.008
[23] Gwartney, J. D., Holcombe, R. G., and Lawson, R. A. 2006. Institutions and the Impact of Investment on Growth. Kyklos, 59(2): 255-273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2006.00327.x
[24] Hall, P. A. 1989. The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism across Nations. Princeton University Press.
[25] Haskel, J. E., Pereira, S. C., and Slaughter, M. J. 2007. Does inward foreign direct investment boost the productivity of domestic firms? The Review of Economics and Statistics, 89(3): 482-496. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.89.3.482
[26] Iorio, M., and Corsale, A. 2010. Rural tourism and livelihood strategies in Romania. Journal of Rural Studies, 26(2): 152-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2009.10.006
[27] Kasim, A. 2006. The need for business environmental and social responsibility in the tourism industry. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 7(1): 1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J149v07n01_01
[28] Kim, H. J., and Chen, M. H. 2006. Tourism expansion and economic development: The case of Taiwan. Tourism Management, 27(5): 925-933. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.011
[29] Kim, K. 2002. The effects of tourism impacts upon quality of life residents in the community, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia. DOI: https://doi.org/etd-12062002-123337
[30] Konstas, P., and Khouja, M. W. 1969. The Keynesian demand-for-money function: Another look and some additional evidence. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 1(4): 765-777. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1991450
[31] Ladkin, A. 2011. Exploring tourism labor. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(3): 1135-1155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.010
[32] Lall, S., and Narula, R. 2004. Foreign direct investment and its role in economic development. Do we need a new agenda? The European Journal of Development Research, 16(3): 447-464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0957881042000266589
[33] Lee, Chien C., Chang, C.P. 2008. Tourism development and economic growth: a closer look at panels. Journal of Tourism Management. 29(1): 180 - 192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.02.013
[34] Mahony, K., Van Zyl, J. 2002. The impacts of tourism investment on rural communities: three case studies in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 19(1): 83-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10. 1080/03768350220123891
[35] Mbaiwa, J.E. 2003. The socio-economic and environmental impacts of tourism development on the Okavango Delta, north-western Botswana. Journal of Arid Environments, 54(2): 447-467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2002.1101
[36] McGehee, N.G., and Andereck, K.L. 2004. Factors predicting rural residents’ support of tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 43: 131–140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504268234
[37] Molera, L., and Albaladejo, I. P. 2007. Profiling segments of tourists in rural areas of South-Eastern Spain. Tourism Management, 28(3): 757-767. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.05.006
[38] Moroianu, N., and Moroianu, D. 2012. Models of the Economic Growth and their Relevance. Theoretical and Applied Economics, Volume XIX, 6(571): 135-142
[39] Muchapondwa, E., Stage, J. 2013, May. The economic impacts of tourism in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa: Is poverty subsiding? Natural Resources Forum, 37(2): 80-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12007
[40] Munshi, K., Rosenzweig, M. 2016. Networks and misallocation: Insurance, migration, and the rural-urban wage gap. The American Economic Review, 106(1): 46-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/ aer.20131365
[41] Muzini, A., and Moradhasel, N. 2008. Identify best practices in finance with an emphasis on indicators of competitiveness in the tourism sector, develop investment in tourism, National Conference, University of Tarbiat Modares, in Persian
[42] Naudé, W. 2010. Entrepreneurship, developing countries, and development economics: new approaches and insights. Small Business Economics, 34(1): 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9198-2
[43] Navickas, V., and Malakauskaite, A. 2015. The possibilities for the identification and evaluation of tourism sector competitiveness factors. Engineering Economics, 61(1): 37-44.
[44] Ndabeni, L., and Rogerson, C. M. 2005. Entrepreneurship in rural tourism-the challenges of South Africa's Wild Coast. Africa Insight, 35(4): 130-141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.100/20063136658
[45] Pope, C., Ziebland, S., and Mays, N. 2000. Analysing qualitative data. BMJ, 320(7227): 114-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7227.114
[46] Reeder, R.J., Brown, D.M. 2005. Recreation, tourism, and rural wellbeing, United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Report Number 7. Retrieved July 1, 2007 from http://www.ers.usda.gov/ publications/err7/
[47] Rezvani, M., and Safai, J. 2005. Second home tourism and its impact on rural areas: opportunities and threats (Case rural areas of northern Tehran), Journal of Geographic Research, 54: 109-121, in Persian.
[48] Rezvani, M. 2004. Introduction to Rural Development Planning in Iran, Ghomes publication, in Persian.
[49] Rye, J. F. 2011. Youth migration, rurality and class: a Bourdieusian approach. European Urban and Regional Studies, 18(2): 170-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776410390747
[50] Salahuddin, M., and Islam, M. R. 2008. Factors affecting investment in developing countries: A panel data study. The Journal of Developing Areas, 42(1): 21-37.
[51] Samuelson, P. A. 1939. A Synthesis of the Principle of Acceleration and the Multiplier. The Journal of Political Economy, 786-797.
[52] Saxena, G., and Ilbery, B. 2010. Developing integrated rural tourism: Actor practices in the English/Welsh border. Journal of Rural Studies, 26(3): 260-271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2009.12.001
[53] Scharpf, F.W. 1996. Negative and positive integration in the political economy of European welfare states. Governance in the European Union, 15-63. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446279328.n2
[54] Schneider, S. S. 1993. Advantages and disadvantages of tourism to an agricultural community. Economic Development Review, 11(4): 76-89.
[55] Shakeri, A. and Musavi, M. 2003. Investigate the factors affecting on Public and private investment in agriculture, Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 43: 89-115, in Persian.
[56] Sharpley, R. 2002. Rural tourism and the challenge of tourism diversification: The case of Cyprus, Tourism Management, 23 (3): 233-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00078-4
[57] Su, B. 2011. Rural tourism in China. Tourism Management, 32(6): 1438-1441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.12.005
[58] Thissen, F., Fortuijn, J. D., Strijker, D., and Haartsen, T. 2010. Migration intentions of rural youth in the Westhoek, Flanders, Belgium and the Veenkoloniën, The Netherlands. Journal of Rural Studies, 26(4): 428-436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2010.05.001
[59] Tisdell, C., and Wen, J. 1991. Investment in China's tourism industry: Its scale, nature, and policy issues. China Economic Review, 2(2): 175-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/1043-951X(91)90003-Q
[60] Tosun, C. (2000). Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries. Tourism management, 21(6): 613-633. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00009-1
[61] Treviño, L. J., and Mixon, F. G. 2004. Strategic factors affecting foreign direct investment decisions by multi-national enterprises in Latin America. Journal of World Business, 39(3): 233-243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2004.04.003
[62] Van Stel, A., Carree, M., and Thurik, R. 2005. The effect of entrepreneurial activity on national economic growth. Small Business Economics, 24(3): 311-321. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11187-005-1996-6
[63] Wang, B., Li, X., Stanton, B., and Fang, X. 2010. The influence of social stigma and discriminatory experience on psychological distress and quality of life among rural-to-urban migrants in China. Social Science and Medicine, 71(1): 84-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.021
[64] Wani, N. A., and Shafi, A. 2013. Rural Tourism: An Option for Development of Rural Economy in Kashmir. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2(6).
[65] Weed, M. 2009. Research quality considerations for grounded theory research in sport and exercise psychology. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10: 502-510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport. 2009.02.007
[66] Wong, K., Fu, D., Li, C. Y., and Song, H. X. 2007. Rural migrant workers in urban China: living a marginalised life. International Journal of Social Welfare, 16(1): 32-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1468-2397.2007.00475.x
[67] Xiaolu, W., and Gang, F. 2005. Income Inequality in China and Its Influential Factors. Economic Research Journal, 10: 24-36.
[68] Young, A. 2013. Inequality, the urban-rural gap, and migration. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128 (4): 1727–1785. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt025
[69] Yousefi, M., and Aziznejad, S. 2009. Investigate the determinants of private investment in Iran, Journal of Economic Research, 1: 1-24, in Persian.
[70] Zhang, X. 2012. Research on the development strategies of rural tourism in Suzhou based on SWOT analysis. Energy Procedia, 16: 1295-1299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.01.207
[71] Ziaii, M., Ebrahimi, M., and Haji, E. 2013. Investigate the factors affecting on community investment in rural development tourism projects, Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 1: 29-42, in Persian.
[72] Zotic, V, Puiu, V., Alexandru, D. E. 2010. The Systemic Location of Tourist Elements in the Integrated Spatial Planning. Case Study. The Outskirts of Bistriţa Municipality. In Proceedings of 5th WSEAS International Conference on Economy and Management Transformation (EMT 10), Selected Topics in Economy & Management Transformation, 1: 21-26.
*** UNWTO. (Jan 27, 2015). Over 1.1 Billion Tourists Travelled Abroad in 2014. Available at: http://media.unwto.org/press release/20150127/over11billiontouriststravelledabroad2014
Published
2016-11-14
How to Cite
HESAM, Mehdi; KAZEMI, Mohammad; REZAZADEH, Mohammad. Affecting Factors on Rural Tourism Investment Analyzed through Grounded Theory: The Case of the Villages of Larijan District, Amol, Iran. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 2, p. 256-270, nov. 2016. ISSN 2068-7729. Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/332>. Date accessed: 05 nov. 2024.
Section
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism

Keywords

rural tourism; investment; grounded theory; qualitative study; Larijan district