Examining the Practice of Solid Wastes Recycling in Libya
Abstract
Solid waste is one of the major environmental problems in Libya. It plays a significant role in the ability of nature to sustain life within its capacity. Recycling of solid wastes is considered as one the solutions to recover the waste generated. This study aimed to examine the restrictions that hinder residents from practicing recycling. A structured questionnaire was designed to serve as the instrument for the collection of data which was administered on 700 randomly selected in the city of Al-Marj. Out of the 700 questionnaires sent out, only 482 were retrieved representing a response rate of 69%. Based on the findings, it was found that the majority of the residents in the city believed that recycling solid waste is a very important activity; however, their attitude toward this activity was found to be negative. The residents did not recycle nor were they involved in such activities. Most residents do not know how to recycle solid waste; some of them did not even know the items that can be recycled.
References
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[27] Omran, A., Mahmood, A. and Aziz, H.A. (2007). Current Practice of Solid Waste Management in Malaysia and its disposal, Environment Engineering and Management Journal, 6: 295-300.
[28] Oskamp, S., Harrington, M., Edwards, T., Sherwood, D., Okuda, S. and Swanson, D. (1991). Factors influencing household recycling behaviour. Journal of Environment and Behaviour, 23 (4): 494-519.
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[30] Read, A.D. (1998). Getting the Message Across: recycling in Kensington and Chelsea. Journal of Education and Information, 17: 299-314.
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[32] Read, A.D. (1999b). Making Waste Work: making UK national solid waste strategy work at the local scale. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 26: 259–85.
[33] Read, A.D. (2000). A response to the National Waste Strategy. Journal of Recourses, Conservation and Recycling, 2(5): 23-40.
[34] Read, A.D. (2001). Delivering Sustainable Waste Management – a UK perspective. Recourses, Conservation and Recycling, 32: 173-179.
[35] Refsgaard, K. and Magnussen, K. (2009). Household Behaviour and Attitudes with Respect to Recycling Food Waste-experiences from Focus Groups. Environmental Management, 90: 760-771.
[36] Schultz, P.W., Oskamp, S. and Mainieri, T. (1995). Who Recyclers and When? A review of Personal and Situational Factors. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15: 105-121.
[37] Sidique, S.F., Joshi, S.V. and Lupi, F. (2010b). Factors Influencing the Rate of Recycling: An analysis of Minnesota Countries. Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(4): 242-249.
[38] Sidique, S.F., Lupi, F. and Joshi, S.V. (2010a). The Effect of Behaviour and Attitudes on Drop-off Recycling Activities. Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(3): 163-170.
[39] Simmons, D. and Widmar, R. (1990). Motivations and Barriers to Recycling: Toward a Strategy for Public Education. Journal of Environmental Education, 22 (1): 13-18.
[40] Suttibak, S. and Nitivattananon, V. (2008). Assessment of Factors Influencing the Performance of Solid Waste Recycling Programs. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 53(1/2): 45-56.
[41] Thomas, C. (2001). Public Understanding and its Effect on Recycling Performance in Hampshire and Milton Keynes. Recourses, Conservation and Recycling, 32: 259-274.
[42] Tonglet, M., Phillips, P.S. and Read, A.D. (2004). Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Investigate the Determinants of Recycling Behavior: A case study from Brixworth, UK. Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 41(3): 191-214.
[43] Troschintez, A. (2005). Twelve Factors Influencing Sustainable Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste in Developing Countries. Unpublished Masters of Science in Environmental Engineering Michigan Technological University. Houghton, Michigan.
[44] Vencatasawmy, C.P., Marianne, Ö. and Thomas, B. (2000). A survey of Recycling Behavior in Households in Kiruna, Sweden. Waste Management and Research, 18: 545-556.
[45] Vinning, J. and Ebreo, A. (1990). What Makes a Recycler? A compression of Recyclers and Non-recyclers. Journal of Environmental Behavior, 22: 55-73.
[46] Vinning, J. and Ebreo, A. (1992). Predicting Recycling Behavior from Global and Specific Environmental Attitudes and Changes in Recycling Opportunities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 20: 1580-1607.
[47] Wang, F.S., Richardson, A.J., Roddick, F.A. (1997). Relationships between Set-out Rate, Participation Rate and Set-out Quantify in Recycling Programs. Resource, Conservation Recycling, 20: 1-17.
[48] Werner, C.M. and Makela E. (1998). Motivations and behaviors that support recycling. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18: 373–386.
*** Ministry of Housing and Utilities (MHU) (2011). Issues rated to Waste Management Problems in Libya, Technical Report Published in Arabic Version by The Department of Sustainable Development at the Ministry, Tripoli, Libya.
*** Wikipedia (2011). Data on Libya. Retrieved July, 6, 2015. From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya
*** Wikipedia (2011). Municipal solid waste, Retrieved July, 6, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal solidwaste
*** Wikipedia (2011). Economy of Libya. Retrieved July, 6, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ EconomyofLibya
[2] Coggins, C. (1994). Who is the recycler? Journal of Waste Management, 2: 69-75.
[3] Davio, R. (2001). Influences and Motivations on Curbside Recycling Participation in Austin. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, United States.
[4] Davis, G., Phillips, P.S., Read, A.D. and Iida Y. (2006). Demonstrating the Need for the Development of Internal Research Capacity: Understanding recycling participation using the Theory of Planned Behaviour in West Oxfordshire, UK. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 46(2): 115-127.
[5] Espeut, P. (1999). Attitudes to the Environment in Jamaica, 1998. Prepared by the Caribbean Coastal Area Management Foundation.
[6] Ferrara, I., Missios, P. (2005). Recycling and Waste Diversion Effectiveness: Evidence from Canada. Environmental and Resource Economics, 30: 221-238.
[7] Fiorillo, D. (2011). Household Waste Recycling: National Survey Evidence from Italy. MPRA Paper No. 33631, posted 22. Retrieved September 14, 2011. From: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33631/
[8] Fullerton, D. and Kinnaman, T.C. (1996). Household Responses to Pricing Garbage by the Bag. American Economic Review, 86: 971-984.
[9] Gamba, R.J. and Oskamp, S. (1994). Factors Influencing Community Resident’s Participation in Commingled Curbside Recycling Program. Journal of Environment and Behaviour, 26: 587-612.
[10] Gebril, A. (2011). Factors Affcting Public Participation in the recycling of municipal solid waste in Libya: Acase study of Banghazi city, PhD Unpublished Thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
[11] Gebril, A.O., Omran, A. Pakir, A.K. and Aziz, H.A. (2010). Municipal Solid Waste Management in Benghazi (Libya): Current Practices and Challenges, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 9(9): 1289-1296.
[12] Halvorsen, B. (2008). Effects of Norms and Opportunity Cost of Time on Household Recycling. Land Economics, 84: 501-516.
[13] Hornik, J., Cherian, J., Michelle, M. and Narayana, C. (1995). Determinants of Recycling Behaviour: A synthesis of Research Results. Journal of Socio-Economics, 4 (1): 105-127.
[14] Martin, M., Williams, I.D., Clark, M. (2006). Social, cultural and structural influences on household waste: A case study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 48(4): 357–395.
[15] McDonald, S. and Ball, R. (1998). Public Participation in Plastics Recycling Schemes. Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 22: 23–41.
[16] McDonald, S. and Oates, C. (2003). Reasons for Non- participation in a Kerbside Recycling Schemes. Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 39: 369–385.
[17] Meen-Chee, H. and Narayanan, S. (2006). Restoring the Shine to a Pearl: Recycling Behavior Penang, Malaysia. Journal of Development Change, 37(5): 1117-1136.
[18] Meneses, G. and Palacio, A. (2005). Recycling Behavior: A multidimensional Approach. Environment and Behavior, 37: 837-860.
[19] Meneses, G. and Palacio, A. (2005). Recycling Behavior: A multidimensional Approach. Environment and Behavior, 37: 837-860.
[20] Nigbur, D., Lyons, E., Uzzell, D.L. and Leach, R. (2004). The Surrey Scholar Research Project in Waste Recycling Report.
[21] Nixon, H. and Saphores, J.D.M. (2007). Financing electronic waste recycling Californian households’ willingness to pay advanced recycling fees. Journal of Environmental Management Recourses, 84: 457-559.
[22] Odeyemi, O. and Onibukun, A.G. (1997). Solid Waste Management and Recycling in Nigeria: Some Current Composting and Biogas Production Practice. CASSAD Technical report no. 4. Centre for African settlement studies and Development Ibadan-Nigeria.
[23] Omran, A. and Gavrilescu, M. (2008). Perspective on Municipal Solid Waste in Vietnam. Journal of Envronmental Engineering and Management, 7(4): 59-67.
[24] Omran, A., Alsadey, S. and Gavrilescu, M. (2011). Municipal Solid Waste Management in Bani Walid, Libya:Practices and Challenges. Journal of Envronmental Engineering and Management, 2(4): 228-232.
[25] Omran, A. (2008). Attitude of Malaysian on Recycling of Solid Wastes in Malaysia case Studies in the Major towns of the East Coast and North Malaysia, PhD Unpublished Thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
[26] Omran, A. and Read, A.D. (2008). “Waste Not, Want Not” A study of household Attitude towards Recycling of Solid Wastes. Environment Engineering and Management Journal, 7 (1): 1-8.
[27] Omran, A., Mahmood, A. and Aziz, H.A. (2007). Current Practice of Solid Waste Management in Malaysia and its disposal, Environment Engineering and Management Journal, 6: 295-300.
[28] Oskamp, S., Harrington, M., Edwards, T., Sherwood, D., Okuda, S. and Swanson, D. (1991). Factors influencing household recycling behaviour. Journal of Environment and Behaviour, 23 (4): 494-519.
[29] Perrin, D. and Barton, J. (2001). Issues associated with transforming households’ attitudes and opinions into materials recovery: A review of two kerbside recycling schemes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 33 (1): 61–74.
[30] Read, A.D. (1998). Getting the Message Across: recycling in Kensington and Chelsea. Journal of Education and Information, 17: 299-314.
[31] Read, A.D. (1999a). A weekly Doorstep Recycling Collection, I had no idea we could!: Overcoming the local barriers to participation. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 26(3): 217-249.
[32] Read, A.D. (1999b). Making Waste Work: making UK national solid waste strategy work at the local scale. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 26: 259–85.
[33] Read, A.D. (2000). A response to the National Waste Strategy. Journal of Recourses, Conservation and Recycling, 2(5): 23-40.
[34] Read, A.D. (2001). Delivering Sustainable Waste Management – a UK perspective. Recourses, Conservation and Recycling, 32: 173-179.
[35] Refsgaard, K. and Magnussen, K. (2009). Household Behaviour and Attitudes with Respect to Recycling Food Waste-experiences from Focus Groups. Environmental Management, 90: 760-771.
[36] Schultz, P.W., Oskamp, S. and Mainieri, T. (1995). Who Recyclers and When? A review of Personal and Situational Factors. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15: 105-121.
[37] Sidique, S.F., Joshi, S.V. and Lupi, F. (2010b). Factors Influencing the Rate of Recycling: An analysis of Minnesota Countries. Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(4): 242-249.
[38] Sidique, S.F., Lupi, F. and Joshi, S.V. (2010a). The Effect of Behaviour and Attitudes on Drop-off Recycling Activities. Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(3): 163-170.
[39] Simmons, D. and Widmar, R. (1990). Motivations and Barriers to Recycling: Toward a Strategy for Public Education. Journal of Environmental Education, 22 (1): 13-18.
[40] Suttibak, S. and Nitivattananon, V. (2008). Assessment of Factors Influencing the Performance of Solid Waste Recycling Programs. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 53(1/2): 45-56.
[41] Thomas, C. (2001). Public Understanding and its Effect on Recycling Performance in Hampshire and Milton Keynes. Recourses, Conservation and Recycling, 32: 259-274.
[42] Tonglet, M., Phillips, P.S. and Read, A.D. (2004). Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Investigate the Determinants of Recycling Behavior: A case study from Brixworth, UK. Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 41(3): 191-214.
[43] Troschintez, A. (2005). Twelve Factors Influencing Sustainable Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste in Developing Countries. Unpublished Masters of Science in Environmental Engineering Michigan Technological University. Houghton, Michigan.
[44] Vencatasawmy, C.P., Marianne, Ö. and Thomas, B. (2000). A survey of Recycling Behavior in Households in Kiruna, Sweden. Waste Management and Research, 18: 545-556.
[45] Vinning, J. and Ebreo, A. (1990). What Makes a Recycler? A compression of Recyclers and Non-recyclers. Journal of Environmental Behavior, 22: 55-73.
[46] Vinning, J. and Ebreo, A. (1992). Predicting Recycling Behavior from Global and Specific Environmental Attitudes and Changes in Recycling Opportunities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 20: 1580-1607.
[47] Wang, F.S., Richardson, A.J., Roddick, F.A. (1997). Relationships between Set-out Rate, Participation Rate and Set-out Quantify in Recycling Programs. Resource, Conservation Recycling, 20: 1-17.
[48] Werner, C.M. and Makela E. (1998). Motivations and behaviors that support recycling. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18: 373–386.
*** Ministry of Housing and Utilities (MHU) (2011). Issues rated to Waste Management Problems in Libya, Technical Report Published in Arabic Version by The Department of Sustainable Development at the Ministry, Tripoli, Libya.
*** Wikipedia (2011). Data on Libya. Retrieved July, 6, 2015. From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya
*** Wikipedia (2011). Municipal solid waste, Retrieved July, 6, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal solidwaste
*** Wikipedia (2011). Economy of Libya. Retrieved July, 6, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ EconomyofLibya
Published
2016-10-26
How to Cite
OMRAN, Abdelnaser.
Examining the Practice of Solid Wastes Recycling in Libya.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 46-56, oct. 2016.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/304>. Date accessed: 24 apr. 2024.
Section
Article
Keywords
practices; participation; recycling; solid waste; Libya
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.