An Overview of Coastal and Marine Resources and their Management in Sultanate of Oman
Abstract
Coastal areas of Oman are in the focus of intensive tourism, urbanization and other development activities and are subject to changing physical processes causing significant natural environment modifications and such changes have been seen over the past few years. Government of Oman has worked out comprehensive coastal zone management plans towards protection of coral reefs, wetlands, mangrove, turtles and other resources, including land and groundwater resources in order to meet the challenges of environmental protection along with the development. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) has result an approach with the government developing legislations for coastal zone protection, management plans, recovery and governance along with awareness raising programs. However, public participation along with capacity building efforts could be increased at all levels; the better it would be for the coast and for posterity. This review also shows that in the past few years, there have been more research and technical studies through projects that have increased scientific knowledge and allowed access to the best techniques and knowledge available at international and national levels. However, knowledge also needed on coastal processes to establish techniques for minimizing risks and climate change adaptation focusing on biotic communities and environmental quality. Further, Omani coastal zone management would benefit from the application of economic valuation techniques and instruments.
References
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[24] Mohammad, M. and Shriadah, A. (1998). Impacts of an oil spill on marine environment of the Gulf of United Arab Emirates along the Gulf of Oman. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(11): 876-879.
[25] Munawar, M.P., Price, A.R.G., Munawar, I.F., Carou, S., Niblock, H. and Lorimer, J. (2002). Aquatic ecosystem health of the Arabian Gulf: Status and research needs. In: Khan, N.Y., Munawar, M., Price, A.R.G. (Eds.), The Gulf Ecosystem: Health and Sustainability, Bakhuys Publishers, Leiden, 303–325.
[26] Sana, A. (2005). Measurement of oil-related pollution in the coastal region of Sultanate of Oman. In proceedings of Oceans conference, MTS/IEEE, Washington DC, USA.
[27] Sana, A., Al-Jamrah, A., Clareboudt, M., Al-Kindy, S.M.Z., Tanaka, H. and Kwarteng, A. (2006). Measurement of Water Quality Parameters in the Gulf of Oman. In Proceedings of the 15th Congress of APD-IAHR IIT, 1155-1165, Madras, Chennai, India.
[28] Sana, A. (2008). Assessment and modelling of the oil spill fate in the coastal region of Sultanate of Oman.http://ahmadsana.tripod.com/Research/oil-spill (accessed on 10th September 2014).
[29] Van Lavieren, H., Burt, J., Feary, D.A., Cavalcante, G., Marquis, E., Benedetti, L., Trick, C., Kjerfve, B. and Sale, P.F. (2011).Managing the growing impacts of development on fragile coastal and marine ecosystems: Lessons from the Gulf. A policy report, UNU-INWEH, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
*** Auscon Consultants International (ACI). (1998). Monitoring pollutants in the marine environment. Final Completion Report to D.G. Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Environment, Muscat.
*** Appropriate Agriculture International Company Limited (AAI). (2002). The Master Plan Study on Restoration, Conservation and Management of Mangrove, Oman. http://www.koushu.co.jp/AAIE/ActivityE /Oman (MangroveMP.pdf)
*** Atkins Global Inc. (2007). Local use of mangroves and threat to the ecosystems. http://www.atkinsglobal. com/en-gb/projects/mangrove-conservation (accessed on 5th September 2014).
*** Berkshire Environmental Services and Technology. (2008). A beach restoration project at Azaiba beach, Muscat. http://best-env.com/portfolio_item/coastal-management-beach-restoration-project-azaiba-beach-muscat-oman (accessed on 6th September, 2014).
*** Environment Society Oman (ESO). (2011). Turtle research and conservation project, progress report. http://www.eso.org.om/UserFiles/files/ESO%20PDF%20Turtle%20Conservation%20Progress%20Report%20August%20201.pdf (accessed on 5th September 2014)
*** Gulf News. (2011). Reduce litter that negatively affects the fragile environment in the areas of the Damaniyat Islands Nature Reserve.http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/campaign-to-clean-up-damaniyat-islands-kicks-off-1.950923 (accessed on 2nd September 2014).
*** International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (1986). Sultanate of Oman.Proposals for a System of Nature Conservation Areas. Report to Diwan of Royal Court, Sultanate of Oman. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
*** International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (1986-89). Coastal Zone Management Plan.Reports to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Oman.
*** International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (1986a). Coastal Zone Management Plan: Greater Capital Area, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
*** International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (1986b). Proposals for a system of nature conservation areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
*** International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (1989). Coastal Zone Management Plan: Dhofar. Vol. 1: Action Plan. Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Oman.
*** Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF). (1993). South Batinah Integrated Study: Soil Survey and Land Classification Project OMA/87/0111. Directorate General of Agricultural Research, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Water Resources (MRMWR). (2005). Water Resources in Oman. Ministry of Regional Municipalities Environment and Water Resources, Oman.
*** Directorate General of Nature Conservation (DGNC). (2009). Checklist of Oman biodiversity. Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs, Unpublished Report.
*** Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Chapter 19: Coastal Systems. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, Island Press.
*** MAOTDR. (2007). GIZC bases para an Estrate´gia da Gesta˜o integrada da Zona Costeira Nacional. [ICZM: Basis for a national strategy for integrated coastal zone management] Lisboa, Portugal: Ministe´rio do Ambiente do Ordenamento do Territo´rio e do Desenvolvimento Regional (in portuguese).
*** Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs (MECA). (2010). Fourth National report to the Convention on biological diversity. Directorate General of Nature Conservation, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Ministerial Decision No. 20. (1990). Regarding the rules regulating and specifying Coastal setbacks, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Ministerial Decision No. 2. (1990). Regulations for the Registration of Existing Wells and New Well Permits.
*** Ministerial Decision (MD) No. 200. (2000). Regulating transport of sand from coasts, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Ministerial Decision (MD) No. 187. (2001). Issuing the Regulations for Organizing the Issuance of Environmental Approvals and the Final Environmental Permit, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Ministerial Decision (MD) No. 39. (2004). Marine Environment Management byelaws, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Ministerial Decision (MD) No.159. (2005). Promulgating the bylaws to discharge liquid waste in the marine environment, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Ministerial Decision (MD) No. 133. (2000). On imposing visit charges for visiting Natural Reserves, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Ministerial Decision, No. 230. (2000). On regulating and reserves management plan, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Muscat Daily. (2014). Conservation coral reefs. http://www.muscatdaily.com/Archive/Oman/MECA-s-annual-campaign-to-protect-corals-reefs-underway-33hp (accessed on 6th September 2014)
*** Muscat Daily. (2014). Clean up drive in Oman. http://www.muscatdaily.com/Archive/Oman/Sohar-Aluminium-launches-Coral-Reef-Cleaning-campaign-39aq (accessed on 4th September 2014)
*** Muscat Daily. (2011). Conservation of Mangroves. http://www.muscatdaily.com/Archive/Stories-Files/MECA-plants-40-000-mangrove-seedlings-in-coastal-areas (accessed on 3rd September 2014)
*** NizwaNet. (2014). Turtle species of Oman. http://www.nizwa.net/env/turtles/turtles.html (accessed on 3 September 2014)
*** NizwaNet. (2014) Mangrove species of Oman. http://www.nizwa.net/env/mangrove/mangrove.html (accessed on 4th September 2014)
*** Royal Decree (RD) No. 114. (2001). As the Law on conservation of the Environment and Prevention of Pollution, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Royal Decree (RD) Nos. 26 and 47. (1979 and 1995).The law for the national Parks and Protected Natural sites, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Royal Decree (RD) No. 6. (20030. The law for Natural Reserves and Conservation of Wildlife, Sultanate of Oman.
*** The Mouchel group Environmental Consultancy. (1998). Coral Reef Management Plan, Oman. http://web.tiscali.it/intro/english/projectsmiddle.htm (accessed on 7th September 2014)
*** UNEP. (2002). Coastal and Marine areas West Asia (chapter 2), Global Environmental Outlook report (GEO3), published by Earth Scan Publication limited, London, UK.
[2] Al-Barwani, A. and Helmi, T. (2006). Seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer: a case study for the area between Seeb and Suwaiq, Sultanate of Oman. Agricultural and Marine Sciences: A Research Journal, 11: 55-69.
[3] Al-Belushi, A.S. (2003). Desertification in Al-Batinah Plain, Sultanate of Oman. PhD Dissertation, University of Jordan, Jordan (in Arabic).
[4] Al-Jufaili, S., Al-Jabri, M., Al-Baluchi, A., Baldwin, R.M., Wilson, S.C., West, F., Matthews, A.D. (1999). Human Impacts on Coral Reefs in the Sultanate Oman. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 49(1):65-74.
[5] Al-Hatrushi, S.M., Kwarteng, A.Y., Sana, A., Al-Buloushi, A.S., MacLachlan, A. and Hamed, K.H. (2014). Coastal erosion in Al-Batinah, Sultanate of Oman. A book published by the Sultan Qanboos University, Academic Borad, Al-Khoudh, Sultanate of Oman.
[6] Ahmed, M. and Choudri, B. S. 2012. Climate change in Oman: current knowledge and way forward. Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues. 5(4): 228-236.
[7] Al-Muscati, S. (1993). Ramsar Sites information Service. (ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/OMAN.pdf, accessed on 5th September 2014).
[8] Anon. (1989). Tourism and Recreation Facilities for Mughsayl. Planning Committee for Development and Environment in the Governorate of Dhofar, Oman.
[9] Boyd, J. and Banzhaf, S. (2007). What are ecosystem services? Ecological Economics, 63(2-3): 616-626.
[10] Coles, S.L. and Al-Riyami, K.A. (1996). Beach tar concentrations on the Muscat Coastline, Gulf of Oman, Indian Ocean from 1993-1995. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 32 (8-9): 609-614.
[11] Coles, S.L. (1995). Corals of Oman.Published by: Richard Keech, Ahmed Yusuf Samdani and Steve Cofes. Richard Keech Thorns, Hawes, North Yorkshire DL8 3U, United Kingdom.
[12] Cicin-Sain, B. and Knecht, R.W. (1998). Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management; concepts and practices Washington, DC: Island Press.
[13] Clark, J. R. (1996). Coastal Zone Management Handbook. London, CRC Press LLC.
[14] Crossland, C.J., Kremer, H.H., Lindeboom, H., Marshall Crossland, J.I. and Le Tissier, M.D.A. (2005). Coastal Fluxes in the Anthropocene, IGBP series, Springer, Berlin.
[15] Choudri, B.S., Al-Busaidi, A. and Ahmed M. (2013). Climate change, vulnerability and adaptation experiences of farmers in Al- Suwayq Wilayat, Sultanate of Oman. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 5: 445–454.
[16] Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., de Groot, R.S., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O'Neil, R. V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R.G., Sutton, P. and Van den Belt, M. (1997). The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387: 253-260.
[17] Coetzee, M.D. (1991). The importance of public participation in coastal management: In The status of Integrated Coastal Zone Management: a global assessment edited by Clark J R, 29-30.
[18] Choudri, B.S., Baawain, M.S. and Ahmed, M. (2015a). Review of water quality and pollution in the coastal areas of Oman. Journal Pollution Research, 34 (2): 229-239.
[19] Choudri, B.S., Baawain, M., Al-Sidairi, A., Al-Nadabi, H. (2015b). An indicator based vulnerability assessment of Wilayats to development. Journal Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 21(2): 495-502.
[20] Choudri, B.S., Baawain, M., Ahmed, M., Al-Sidairi, A. and Al-Nadabi, H. (2015c). Relative Vulnerability of Wilayats to Development: A case study of Al-Batinah North, Oman. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 19 (1): 51-57.
[21] Choudri, B.S., Baawain, M., Al-Sidairi, A., Al-Nadabi, H. and Al-Zeidi, K. (2016a). A Study of Beach Use and Perceptions of People towards better Management in Oman. Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 45 (11/12).
[22] Choudri, B.S., Baawain, M., Al-Sidairi, A., Al-Nadabi, H. and Al-Zeidi, K. (2016b). Perception, knowledge and attitude towards environmental issues and management among residents of Al-Suwaiq Wilayat, Sultanate of Oman, International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology.
[23] Fisher, B., Turner, R.K. and Morling, P. (2009). Defining and Classifying Ecosystem Services for Decision Making, Ecological Economics: 68(3):643-653.
[24] Mohammad, M. and Shriadah, A. (1998). Impacts of an oil spill on marine environment of the Gulf of United Arab Emirates along the Gulf of Oman. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(11): 876-879.
[25] Munawar, M.P., Price, A.R.G., Munawar, I.F., Carou, S., Niblock, H. and Lorimer, J. (2002). Aquatic ecosystem health of the Arabian Gulf: Status and research needs. In: Khan, N.Y., Munawar, M., Price, A.R.G. (Eds.), The Gulf Ecosystem: Health and Sustainability, Bakhuys Publishers, Leiden, 303–325.
[26] Sana, A. (2005). Measurement of oil-related pollution in the coastal region of Sultanate of Oman. In proceedings of Oceans conference, MTS/IEEE, Washington DC, USA.
[27] Sana, A., Al-Jamrah, A., Clareboudt, M., Al-Kindy, S.M.Z., Tanaka, H. and Kwarteng, A. (2006). Measurement of Water Quality Parameters in the Gulf of Oman. In Proceedings of the 15th Congress of APD-IAHR IIT, 1155-1165, Madras, Chennai, India.
[28] Sana, A. (2008). Assessment and modelling of the oil spill fate in the coastal region of Sultanate of Oman.http://ahmadsana.tripod.com/Research/oil-spill (accessed on 10th September 2014).
[29] Van Lavieren, H., Burt, J., Feary, D.A., Cavalcante, G., Marquis, E., Benedetti, L., Trick, C., Kjerfve, B. and Sale, P.F. (2011).Managing the growing impacts of development on fragile coastal and marine ecosystems: Lessons from the Gulf. A policy report, UNU-INWEH, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
*** Auscon Consultants International (ACI). (1998). Monitoring pollutants in the marine environment. Final Completion Report to D.G. Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Environment, Muscat.
*** Appropriate Agriculture International Company Limited (AAI). (2002). The Master Plan Study on Restoration, Conservation and Management of Mangrove, Oman. http://www.koushu.co.jp/AAIE/ActivityE /Oman (MangroveMP.pdf)
*** Atkins Global Inc. (2007). Local use of mangroves and threat to the ecosystems. http://www.atkinsglobal. com/en-gb/projects/mangrove-conservation (accessed on 5th September 2014).
*** Berkshire Environmental Services and Technology. (2008). A beach restoration project at Azaiba beach, Muscat. http://best-env.com/portfolio_item/coastal-management-beach-restoration-project-azaiba-beach-muscat-oman (accessed on 6th September, 2014).
*** Environment Society Oman (ESO). (2011). Turtle research and conservation project, progress report. http://www.eso.org.om/UserFiles/files/ESO%20PDF%20Turtle%20Conservation%20Progress%20Report%20August%20201.pdf (accessed on 5th September 2014)
*** Gulf News. (2011). Reduce litter that negatively affects the fragile environment in the areas of the Damaniyat Islands Nature Reserve.http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/campaign-to-clean-up-damaniyat-islands-kicks-off-1.950923 (accessed on 2nd September 2014).
*** International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (1986). Sultanate of Oman.Proposals for a System of Nature Conservation Areas. Report to Diwan of Royal Court, Sultanate of Oman. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
*** International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (1986-89). Coastal Zone Management Plan.Reports to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Oman.
*** International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (1986a). Coastal Zone Management Plan: Greater Capital Area, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
*** International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (1986b). Proposals for a system of nature conservation areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
*** International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (1989). Coastal Zone Management Plan: Dhofar. Vol. 1: Action Plan. Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Oman.
*** Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF). (1993). South Batinah Integrated Study: Soil Survey and Land Classification Project OMA/87/0111. Directorate General of Agricultural Research, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Water Resources (MRMWR). (2005). Water Resources in Oman. Ministry of Regional Municipalities Environment and Water Resources, Oman.
*** Directorate General of Nature Conservation (DGNC). (2009). Checklist of Oman biodiversity. Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs, Unpublished Report.
*** Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Chapter 19: Coastal Systems. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, Island Press.
*** MAOTDR. (2007). GIZC bases para an Estrate´gia da Gesta˜o integrada da Zona Costeira Nacional. [ICZM: Basis for a national strategy for integrated coastal zone management] Lisboa, Portugal: Ministe´rio do Ambiente do Ordenamento do Territo´rio e do Desenvolvimento Regional (in portuguese).
*** Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs (MECA). (2010). Fourth National report to the Convention on biological diversity. Directorate General of Nature Conservation, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Ministerial Decision No. 20. (1990). Regarding the rules regulating and specifying Coastal setbacks, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Ministerial Decision No. 2. (1990). Regulations for the Registration of Existing Wells and New Well Permits.
*** Ministerial Decision (MD) No. 200. (2000). Regulating transport of sand from coasts, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Ministerial Decision (MD) No. 187. (2001). Issuing the Regulations for Organizing the Issuance of Environmental Approvals and the Final Environmental Permit, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Ministerial Decision (MD) No. 39. (2004). Marine Environment Management byelaws, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Ministerial Decision (MD) No.159. (2005). Promulgating the bylaws to discharge liquid waste in the marine environment, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Ministerial Decision (MD) No. 133. (2000). On imposing visit charges for visiting Natural Reserves, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Ministerial Decision, No. 230. (2000). On regulating and reserves management plan, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Muscat Daily. (2014). Conservation coral reefs. http://www.muscatdaily.com/Archive/Oman/MECA-s-annual-campaign-to-protect-corals-reefs-underway-33hp (accessed on 6th September 2014)
*** Muscat Daily. (2014). Clean up drive in Oman. http://www.muscatdaily.com/Archive/Oman/Sohar-Aluminium-launches-Coral-Reef-Cleaning-campaign-39aq (accessed on 4th September 2014)
*** Muscat Daily. (2011). Conservation of Mangroves. http://www.muscatdaily.com/Archive/Stories-Files/MECA-plants-40-000-mangrove-seedlings-in-coastal-areas (accessed on 3rd September 2014)
*** NizwaNet. (2014). Turtle species of Oman. http://www.nizwa.net/env/turtles/turtles.html (accessed on 3 September 2014)
*** NizwaNet. (2014) Mangrove species of Oman. http://www.nizwa.net/env/mangrove/mangrove.html (accessed on 4th September 2014)
*** Royal Decree (RD) No. 114. (2001). As the Law on conservation of the Environment and Prevention of Pollution, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Royal Decree (RD) Nos. 26 and 47. (1979 and 1995).The law for the national Parks and Protected Natural sites, Sultanate of Oman.
*** Royal Decree (RD) No. 6. (20030. The law for Natural Reserves and Conservation of Wildlife, Sultanate of Oman.
*** The Mouchel group Environmental Consultancy. (1998). Coral Reef Management Plan, Oman. http://web.tiscali.it/intro/english/projectsmiddle.htm (accessed on 7th September 2014)
*** UNEP. (2002). Coastal and Marine areas West Asia (chapter 2), Global Environmental Outlook report (GEO3), published by Earth Scan Publication limited, London, UK.
Published
2016-10-26
How to Cite
CHOUDRI, B.S.; BAAWAIN, Mahad; AHMED, Mushtaque.
An Overview of Coastal and Marine Resources and their Management in Sultanate of Oman.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 21-32, oct. 2016.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/301>. Date accessed: 27 dec. 2024.
Section
Article
Keywords
coastal management; environment; programs; policies; Sultanate of Oman
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.