Legal Issues for Ensuring Security in Tourism and Countering Terrorist Threats
Abstract
The development of terrorism is increasingly contributing to the debate about its impact on the tourism sector. Thus, this article is aimed to explore the place of terrorism in the international legal regulation of tourism. The study was carried out by integrated approach to legal expertise of documents of international organizations. Based on the fact that attacks on foreign tourists have increased in certain regions of the world, relation between tourism and terrorism was established. It was revealed that The Hague Declaration on Tourism is the main international legal and regulatory act in the field of tourism. We came to conclusion that complexity of regulation of international tourism is that tourism actually affects on all branches of law. To solve this problem, it is necessary to develop a new declaration, focused on principles of countering terrorist threat to international tourism and tourists.
References
[1] Abaydeldinov, Y., and Kala, N. 2016. International legal aspects of tourism activity: International treaties analysis. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economicsw, 7(4): 714-720.
[2] Albu, C.-E. 2016. Tourism and terrorism: A worldwide perspective. CES Working Papersw, 3(1): 1-19.
[3] Baker, Dv M.A. 2015. Tourism and Terrorism: Terrorists Threats to Commercial Aviation Safety and Security. International Journal of Safety and Security in Tourism and Hospiality, 1(12): 1-18.
[4] Barash, Ye. 2017. Modern risks of committing terrorist acts: Analysis and legal characteristics. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, 3(90): 150-158.
[5] Bohm, A.C. 2016. Security and international law: The 'responsibility to protect'. In: N.D. White, M. Footer and J. Schmidt (Eds.), Studies in International Law, pp. 1-28. United Kingdom: Hart Publishing.
[6] Frolova E.V., Ryabova T.M., Rogach O.V., Kabanova E.E., and Vetrova E.A. 2017. Domestic Tourism in Russian Federation: Population Estimations, Resources and Development Constraints. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 8(2): 436-445.
[7] Frolova, E.V., Rogach, O.V., Kabanova, E.E., and Ryabova, T.M. 2016. Domestic tourist market in the population estimates: a sociological analysis. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 7(4): 698-705.
[8] Gelbman, A. 2016. Tourism along the geopolitical barrier: implications of the Holy Land fence. GeoJournal, 81(5): 671–680.
[9] Goldman, O.S., and Neubauer-Shani, M. 2016. Does international tourism affect transnational terrorism? Journal of Travel Research, 56(4): 451-467.
[10] Institute for Economics and Peace. 2016. Global Terrorism Index. Available at: http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2016.2.pdf
[11] Kabanova, E.E., Frolova, E.V., Medvedeva, N.V., Vinichenko, M.V., and Shimanskaya, I.Y. 2016. Cultural and educational tourism in the russian federation: Basic problems and development resources. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(S5): 206-210.
[12] Kala, N., and Abaydeldinov, Y. 2016. International law aspects of organizing and regulating tourism activity within the United Nations system. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 7(8): 2032-2041.
[13] Kala, N., Abaydeldinov, Y., Furman, T., and Ponomarev, A. 2017. The world tourism organization for countering terrorist threats. Journal of East Asia and International Law, 10(2): 549-559.
[14] Kala, N., and Abaydeldinov, Y. 2016. International law aspects of organizing and regulating tourism activity within the United Nations system. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 7(8): 2032-2041.
[15] King, L. 2008. International law and human trafficking. Topical Research Digest: Human Rights And Human Trafficking, pp. 88-103. Available at: https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/trafficking/InternationalLaw.pdf
[16] Paul, D., Bungar, N.G., and Mester, L.E. 2015. Terrorism and its impacts on the tourism industry. Romanian Review on Political Geography, 17(1): 5-11.
[17] Santana-Gallego, M., Rosselló-Nadal, J., and Fourie, J. 2016. The effects of terrorism, crime and corruption on tourism. ERSA Working Paper 595: 1-25.
[18] Shylo, O., Panova, A., and Reznikova, O. 2017. Contemporary issues of access to the information concerning health status of the person in criminal procedure. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, 3(90): 133-149.
[19] Timcak, G.M., Jablonska, J., and Ondrejova, B. 2016. Migration and tourism. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 7(4): 706-716.
[20] UN General Assembly. 1993. A/Res/48/122. Human Rights and Terrorism. Available at: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r122.htm
[21] UN General Assembly. 1994. A/Res/49/60. Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism. Available at: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/49/a49r060.htm
[22] UN General Assembly. 1996. A/Res/51/210. Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism. Available at: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/51/a51r210.htm
[23] United Nations. 2005. International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. Available at: https://treaties.un.org/doc/db/terrorism/english-18-15.pdf
[24] World Tourism Organization. 1980. Manila Declaration on World Tourism. Available at: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/abs/10.18111/unwtodeclarations.1980.6.4.1
[25] World Tourism Organization. 1989. The Hague Declaration on Tourism. Available at: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/abs/10.18111/unwtodeclarations.1989.15.4.1
[26] World Tourism Organization. 1999. Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. Available at: http://ethics.unwto.org/content/global-code-ethics-tourism
[27] World Tourism Organization. 2001. Osaka Millennium Declaration. Available at: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/abs/10.18111/unwtogad.2001.1.v385u76984x63l88?journalCode=unwtogad
[28] World Tourism Organization. 2016. Exports from International Tourism Rise 4% in 2015. Available at: http://tourlib.net/wto/UNWTO_Barometer_2016_03.pdf
[29] Zulfugarov, Z., Jabbarov, A. 2015. Tourism in XXI Century: The Powerful Peacemaker Against "Great Nation" Threat. Journal of Tourism & Hospitality, 4:169. doi:10.4172/2167-0269.1000169.
[2] Albu, C.-E. 2016. Tourism and terrorism: A worldwide perspective. CES Working Papersw, 3(1): 1-19.
[3] Baker, Dv M.A. 2015. Tourism and Terrorism: Terrorists Threats to Commercial Aviation Safety and Security. International Journal of Safety and Security in Tourism and Hospiality, 1(12): 1-18.
[4] Barash, Ye. 2017. Modern risks of committing terrorist acts: Analysis and legal characteristics. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, 3(90): 150-158.
[5] Bohm, A.C. 2016. Security and international law: The 'responsibility to protect'. In: N.D. White, M. Footer and J. Schmidt (Eds.), Studies in International Law, pp. 1-28. United Kingdom: Hart Publishing.
[6] Frolova E.V., Ryabova T.M., Rogach O.V., Kabanova E.E., and Vetrova E.A. 2017. Domestic Tourism in Russian Federation: Population Estimations, Resources and Development Constraints. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 8(2): 436-445.
[7] Frolova, E.V., Rogach, O.V., Kabanova, E.E., and Ryabova, T.M. 2016. Domestic tourist market in the population estimates: a sociological analysis. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 7(4): 698-705.
[8] Gelbman, A. 2016. Tourism along the geopolitical barrier: implications of the Holy Land fence. GeoJournal, 81(5): 671–680.
[9] Goldman, O.S., and Neubauer-Shani, M. 2016. Does international tourism affect transnational terrorism? Journal of Travel Research, 56(4): 451-467.
[10] Institute for Economics and Peace. 2016. Global Terrorism Index. Available at: http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2016.2.pdf
[11] Kabanova, E.E., Frolova, E.V., Medvedeva, N.V., Vinichenko, M.V., and Shimanskaya, I.Y. 2016. Cultural and educational tourism in the russian federation: Basic problems and development resources. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(S5): 206-210.
[12] Kala, N., and Abaydeldinov, Y. 2016. International law aspects of organizing and regulating tourism activity within the United Nations system. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 7(8): 2032-2041.
[13] Kala, N., Abaydeldinov, Y., Furman, T., and Ponomarev, A. 2017. The world tourism organization for countering terrorist threats. Journal of East Asia and International Law, 10(2): 549-559.
[14] Kala, N., and Abaydeldinov, Y. 2016. International law aspects of organizing and regulating tourism activity within the United Nations system. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 7(8): 2032-2041.
[15] King, L. 2008. International law and human trafficking. Topical Research Digest: Human Rights And Human Trafficking, pp. 88-103. Available at: https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/trafficking/InternationalLaw.pdf
[16] Paul, D., Bungar, N.G., and Mester, L.E. 2015. Terrorism and its impacts on the tourism industry. Romanian Review on Political Geography, 17(1): 5-11.
[17] Santana-Gallego, M., Rosselló-Nadal, J., and Fourie, J. 2016. The effects of terrorism, crime and corruption on tourism. ERSA Working Paper 595: 1-25.
[18] Shylo, O., Panova, A., and Reznikova, O. 2017. Contemporary issues of access to the information concerning health status of the person in criminal procedure. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, 3(90): 133-149.
[19] Timcak, G.M., Jablonska, J., and Ondrejova, B. 2016. Migration and tourism. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 7(4): 706-716.
[20] UN General Assembly. 1993. A/Res/48/122. Human Rights and Terrorism. Available at: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r122.htm
[21] UN General Assembly. 1994. A/Res/49/60. Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism. Available at: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/49/a49r060.htm
[22] UN General Assembly. 1996. A/Res/51/210. Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism. Available at: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/51/a51r210.htm
[23] United Nations. 2005. International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. Available at: https://treaties.un.org/doc/db/terrorism/english-18-15.pdf
[24] World Tourism Organization. 1980. Manila Declaration on World Tourism. Available at: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/abs/10.18111/unwtodeclarations.1980.6.4.1
[25] World Tourism Organization. 1989. The Hague Declaration on Tourism. Available at: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/abs/10.18111/unwtodeclarations.1989.15.4.1
[26] World Tourism Organization. 1999. Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. Available at: http://ethics.unwto.org/content/global-code-ethics-tourism
[27] World Tourism Organization. 2001. Osaka Millennium Declaration. Available at: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/abs/10.18111/unwtogad.2001.1.v385u76984x63l88?journalCode=unwtogad
[28] World Tourism Organization. 2016. Exports from International Tourism Rise 4% in 2015. Available at: http://tourlib.net/wto/UNWTO_Barometer_2016_03.pdf
[29] Zulfugarov, Z., Jabbarov, A. 2015. Tourism in XXI Century: The Powerful Peacemaker Against "Great Nation" Threat. Journal of Tourism & Hospitality, 4:169. doi:10.4172/2167-0269.1000169.
Published
2018-10-22
How to Cite
KOLESNIKOV, Yuriy A. et al.
Legal Issues for Ensuring Security in Tourism and Countering Terrorist Threats.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 4, p. 795-802, oct. 2018.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/2361>. Date accessed: 23 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.9.4(28).13.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.