Assessing the Perceptions of Local Residents on the Positive and Negative Impacts of FIFA U-17 Women’s World Cup in Jordan 2016
Abstract
Jordan is the first Middle Eastern and Arab country to host a FIFA U-17 Women’s World Cup. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to explore residents’ perceptions on impacts of this event and it further explores if there is a potential difference between males and females in their perceptions on the impacts of this event. The results of this study showed that ‘tourism resource development and urban revitalization’ was the main residents’ perception on the positive impacts of the event, whereas ‘negative economic perspective’ such as increased price of real estate was the main locals’ perception on the negative impacts. Furthermore, results indicated that variations in respondents’ perceptions commonly could be explained by their gender differences as male respondents indicated that they more highly perceived both positive and negative impacts of this event than local female respondents did.
References
[1] Allan, M. 2013. Motivation of Jordanian Female Outbound Tourists. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(11): 71-76
[2] Allan, M. 2014. Why do Jordanian Tourists Travel Abroad? Push and Pull Theory Perspective. Dirasat Journal: Human and Social Sciences, 41(1): 662-670
[3] Arab-Moghaddam, N., Henderson, K. A., and Sheikholeslami, R. 2007. Women’s Leisure and Constraints to Participation: Iranian Perspectives. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(1): 109–126.
[4] Asian Football Development Project. 2013. Jordan wins bid to host FIFA U17 Women World Cup. Available at: https://www.the-afdp.org/2015/04/jordan-wins-bid-to-host-fifa-u17-women-world-cup-2/
[5] Association International de La Press Sportive (AIPS). 2016. Long-term impact anticipated ahead of World Cup. Association Internationale De Presse Sportive. Available at: http://www.aipsmedia.com/2016/09/30/19598/jordan-2016-u17wwc-fifa-u17-womens-world-cup-infrastructure
[6] Barreda, A., et al. 2017. Evaluating the Impact of Mega-Sporting Events on Hotel Pricing Strategies: The Case of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Tourism Review, 72 (2): 184-208.
[7] Bob, U., and Swart, K. 2009. Resident Perceptions of the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup stadia development in Cape Town. Urban Forum, 20: 47–59.
[8] Brannagan, P.M. and Rookwood, J., 2016. Sports Megaevents, Soft Power and Soft Disempowerment: International Supporters' Perspectives on Qatar's Acquisition of the 2022 FIFA World Cup finals. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 8 (2):173-188.
[9] Bull, C., and Lovell, J. 2007. The Impact Of Hosting Major Sporting Events On Local Residents: An Analysis of the Views and Perceptions of Canterbury Residents in Relation to the Tour de France 2007. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 12: 229-248.
[10] Butler, B., and Aicher, T. 2015. Demonstrations and displacement: social impact and the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 7: 299-313.
[11] Chen, N., and Funk, D.C. 2010. Exploring Destination Image, Experience and Revisit Intention: A Comparison of Sport and Non-Sport Tourist Perceptions. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 15(3): 239-259.
[12] Chikafa, R. 2014. Zimbabwean Female Audiences: Negotiating (En) Gendered Spaces in the ‘2010 FIFA World Cup. In Chari, Tendai and Mhiripiri, Nhamo A.", African Football, Identity Politics and Global Media Narratives: The Legacy of the FIFA 2010 World Cup" Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp 106-120
[13] Collins, A., Flynn, A., Munday, M., and Roberts, A. 2007. Assessing the Environmental Consequences of Major Sporting Events: The 2003-04 FA Cup Final. Urban Studies, 44: 457-476.
[14] Csobán, K, and György, S. 2014. The Role of Small-Scale Sports Events in Developing Sustainable Sport Tourism –A Case Study of Fencing. Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce, 8(4): 17-22.
[15] Deccio, C., and Baloglu, S. 2002. Non Host Community Resident Reactions to the 2002 Winter Olympics: The Spillover Impacts. Journal of Travel Research, 41(1): 46–56.
[16] Delamere, T.A. 2001. Development of a Scale to Measure Residents Attitudes toward the Social Impacts of Community Festivals, Part II: Verification of the scale. Event Management, 7: 25-38.
[17] Department of Statistics in Jordan. 2017. Available at: http://web.dos.gov.jo/sectors/economic/economy/national-economic/
[18] Dolles, H. and Soderman, S. 2008. Mega-Sporting events in Asia - Impacts on society, Business and management: An introduction. Asian Business & Management, 7: 147-162.
[19] FIFA. 2015. 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil. Jordanian Legacy Bodes Well for Future of Women's Football. Available at: http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2015/m=12/news=2014-fifa-world-cuptm-reached-3-2-billion-viewers-one-billion-watched-2745519.htmlhttp://www.fifa.com/u17womensworldcup/news/y=2016/m=10/news=jordanian-legacy-bodes-well-for-future-of-women-s-football-2845723.html
[20] FIFA. 2016. FIFA U-17 Women’s World Cup Jordan 2016. Statistical Kit
[21] FIFA. 2017. FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup. Jordanian legacy bodes well for future of women's football Available at: http://www.fifa.com/u17womensworldcup/news/y=2016/m=10/news=jordanian-legacy-bodes-well-for-future-of-women-s-football-2845723.html
[22] Fredline, E. 2004. Host community reactions to motor sports events: the perception of impact on quality of life. In B. Ritchie & D. Adair (Eds.), Sport Tourism: Interrelationships, Impacts and Issues, pp. 155–173. Clevedon: Channel View Publications
[23] Fredline, E. 2006. Host and Guest Relations and Sport Tourism. In H. Gibson (Ed.), Sport Tourism: Concepts and theories (pp. 131–147). New York: Routledge.
[24] Fredline, E. and Faulkner, B. 2000. Host Communities Reactions: A Cluster Analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3): 763-784.
[25] Funk, D. C., Mahony, D. F., Nakazawa, M., and Hirakawa, S. 2001. Development of the Sport Interest Inventory (SII): Implication for Measuring Unique Consumermotives at Team Sporting Events. International Journal of Sports Marketing &Sponsorship, 3(3): 291-317
[26] Gammon, S., and Robinson, T. 2003. Sport and Tourism: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Sport Tourism, 8(1): 21-26.
[27] Getz, D. 1997. Event Management and Event Tourism, Cognizant, New York, NY.
[28] Getz, D. 2008. Event tourism: Definition, Evolution, and Research. Tourism Management, 29: 403-428.
[29] Gibson, H.J., Kaplanidou, K. and Kang, S.J. 2012. Small-scale Event Sport Tourism: A Case Study in Sustainable Tourism. Sport Management Review; 15: 160-170.
[30] Grix, J. 2013. ‘Image’ Leveraging and Sports Mega-Events: Germany and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 17: 289-312.
[31] Gursoy, D., Kim, K. and Uysal, M. 2004. Perceived Impacts of Festivals and Special Events by Organizers: An Extension and Validation. Tourism Management, 25(2): 171–181.
[32] Hallmann, K. 2012. Women’s 2011 Football World Cup: The Impact of Perceived Images of Women’s Soccer and the World Cup 2011 on Interest in Attending Matches. Sport Management Review, 15: 33–42.
[33] Henderson, J. C. 2014. Hosting the 2022 FIFA World Cup: Opportunities and Challenges for Qatar. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 19(3-4): 281-298.
[34] Hiller, H. 2006. Post-event Outcomes and the Post-Modern Turn: The Olympics and Urban Transformation. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6: 317-332.
[35] Horne.J, Tomlinson, A., Whannel, G., and Woodward, K. 2013. Understanding Sport: A Socio-Cultural Analysis. London: Routledge.
[36] Houlihan, B. and Zheng, J. 2015. Small States: Sport and Politics at the Margin. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 7(3): 329-344.
[37] Khodr, H. 2012. Exploring the Driving Factors behind the Event Strategy in Qatar: A Case Study of the 15th Asian Games. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 3: 181-100.
[38] Kim, H., Gursoy, D., and Lee, S. 2006. The impact of the 2002 World Cup on South Korea: Comparisons of Pre- and Post-Games. Tourism Management, 27: 86-96.
[39] Kim, N., and Chalip, L. 2004. Why travel to the FIFA World Cup? Effects of Motives, Background, Interest, and Constraints. Tourism Management, 25: 695–707.
[40] Kim, S, and Petrick J. 2005. Residents’ Perceptions on Impacts of the FIFA 2002 World Cup: The Case of Seoul as a host City. Tourism Management, 26: 25-38.
[41] Kim, W., Jun, H. M., Walker, M. and Drane, D. 2015. Evaluating the Perceived Social Impacts of Hosting Large-Scale Sport Tourism Events: Scale Development and Validation. Tourism Management, 48: 21-32.
[42] Kim, W., and Walker, M. 2012. Measuring the Social Impacts Associated with Super Bowl XLIII: Preliminary Development of a Psychic Income Scale. Sport Management Review, 15 (1): 91-108.
[43] Knott, B., Fyall, A., and Jones, I. 2013.The Nation-Branding Legacy of the 2010 FIFA World Cup for South Africa. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 22: 569-595.
[44] Konstantaki, M., and Wickens, E. 2010. Residents' Perception of Environmental and Security Issues at the 2012 London Olympic Games. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 15(4): 337-357.
[45] Kotze, N., and Visser, G. 2008. Sport Tourism: Comparing Participant Profiles and Impact of Three One-Day Events in South Africa. Africa Insight, 38(3): 41-62.
[46] Kurtzman, J., and Zauhar, J. 2003. A wave in time - The sport tourism phenomena. Journal of Sport Tourism, 8: 35-47.
[47] Lee, C. and Taylor, T. 2005. Critical Reflections of the Economic Impact Assessment of a Mega-Event; the Case of 2002 FIFA World Cup. Tourism Management, 26: 595–603.
[48] Lohmann, P. et al. 2015. Analysis of Tourists’ Perception During 2014 World Cup in Brazil, Procedia Economics and Finance, 2nd Global Conference on Business, Economics, Management and Tourism, 23: 118 – 122.
[49] Malhado, A., and Rothfuss, R. 2013. Transporting 2014 FIFA World Cup to Sustainability: Exploring Residents’ and Tourists’ Attitudes and Behaviours. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 5(3): 252-269.
[50] Mansfeld, Y., and Winckler, O. 2015. Can this be spring? Assessing the impact of the “Arab Spring” on the Arab tourism industry. Turizam: znanstveno-stručni časopis, 63(2): 205-223.
[51] Mathieson, A., and Wall, G. 1982. Tourism Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. Essex, UK: Longman Group Limited.
[52] Mihalik, B.J., and Cummings, P. 1995. Host perceptions of the 1996 Atlanta Olympics: Support, Attendance, Benefits and Liabilities. Travel and Tourism Research Association 26th Annual Proceedings. 397–400.
[53] Minnaert, L. 2012. An Olympic legacy for all? The Non-Infrastructural Outcomes of the Olympic Games for Socially Excluded Groups (Atlanta 1996-Beijing 2008). Tourism Management, 33: 361-370.
[54] Ohmann, S., Jones, I., and Wilkes, K. 2006. The Perceived Social Impacts of the 2006 Football World Cup on Munich Residents. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11: 129-152.
[55] Parrish, C. and Nauright, J. 2014. Soccer Around the World: A Cultural Guide to the World’s Favorite Sport. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio.
[56] Preuss, H. 2004. The Economics of Staging the Olympics: A comparison of the Games 1972-2008. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
[57] Preuss, H. 2013. The Contribution of the FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Games to Green Economy. Sustainability, 5: 3581-3600.
[58] Reiche, D. 2015. Investing in Sporting Success as a Domestic and Foreign Policy Tool: The Case of Qatar. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 7(4): 489-504.
[59] Ritchie, J. R. 1984. Assessing the Impacts of Hallmark Events: Conceptual and Research Issues. Journal of Travel Research, 23(1): 1-11.
[60] Roche, M. 2000. Mega-events and Modernity. London, Routledge Standeven, J. and De Knop, P. 1999. Sport tourism, Champaign. IL: Human Kinetics.
[61] Sutton.J. 2016. From Desert to Destination: Conceptual Insights into the Growth of Events Tourism in the United Arab Emirates. Anatolia, 27(3): 352-366.
[62] Swart, K., Bob, U., and Arrey, V.M. 2008. Sport Events and their Socio-Economic Impact: Residents' Perceptions of the Isuzu Berg River Canoe Marathon. Africa Insight, 38(3): 123-134.
[63] Twynam, G. and Johnston, M. 2004. Changes in Host Community Reactions to a Special Sporting Event. Current Issues in Tourism, 7(3): 242-261.
[64] Valek, N. 2015. Abu Dhabi Sport Tourism: from Zero to Hero. In Plevnik, M, Retar, I, Pisot, R, and Obid, A. Sustainable Development of Sports Tourism. University of Primorska. pp 11-21.
[65] Waitt, G. 2003. Social Impacts of the Sydney Olympics. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1): 194–215.
[2] Allan, M. 2014. Why do Jordanian Tourists Travel Abroad? Push and Pull Theory Perspective. Dirasat Journal: Human and Social Sciences, 41(1): 662-670
[3] Arab-Moghaddam, N., Henderson, K. A., and Sheikholeslami, R. 2007. Women’s Leisure and Constraints to Participation: Iranian Perspectives. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(1): 109–126.
[4] Asian Football Development Project. 2013. Jordan wins bid to host FIFA U17 Women World Cup. Available at: https://www.the-afdp.org/2015/04/jordan-wins-bid-to-host-fifa-u17-women-world-cup-2/
[5] Association International de La Press Sportive (AIPS). 2016. Long-term impact anticipated ahead of World Cup. Association Internationale De Presse Sportive. Available at: http://www.aipsmedia.com/2016/09/30/19598/jordan-2016-u17wwc-fifa-u17-womens-world-cup-infrastructure
[6] Barreda, A., et al. 2017. Evaluating the Impact of Mega-Sporting Events on Hotel Pricing Strategies: The Case of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Tourism Review, 72 (2): 184-208.
[7] Bob, U., and Swart, K. 2009. Resident Perceptions of the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup stadia development in Cape Town. Urban Forum, 20: 47–59.
[8] Brannagan, P.M. and Rookwood, J., 2016. Sports Megaevents, Soft Power and Soft Disempowerment: International Supporters' Perspectives on Qatar's Acquisition of the 2022 FIFA World Cup finals. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 8 (2):173-188.
[9] Bull, C., and Lovell, J. 2007. The Impact Of Hosting Major Sporting Events On Local Residents: An Analysis of the Views and Perceptions of Canterbury Residents in Relation to the Tour de France 2007. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 12: 229-248.
[10] Butler, B., and Aicher, T. 2015. Demonstrations and displacement: social impact and the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 7: 299-313.
[11] Chen, N., and Funk, D.C. 2010. Exploring Destination Image, Experience and Revisit Intention: A Comparison of Sport and Non-Sport Tourist Perceptions. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 15(3): 239-259.
[12] Chikafa, R. 2014. Zimbabwean Female Audiences: Negotiating (En) Gendered Spaces in the ‘2010 FIFA World Cup. In Chari, Tendai and Mhiripiri, Nhamo A.", African Football, Identity Politics and Global Media Narratives: The Legacy of the FIFA 2010 World Cup" Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp 106-120
[13] Collins, A., Flynn, A., Munday, M., and Roberts, A. 2007. Assessing the Environmental Consequences of Major Sporting Events: The 2003-04 FA Cup Final. Urban Studies, 44: 457-476.
[14] Csobán, K, and György, S. 2014. The Role of Small-Scale Sports Events in Developing Sustainable Sport Tourism –A Case Study of Fencing. Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce, 8(4): 17-22.
[15] Deccio, C., and Baloglu, S. 2002. Non Host Community Resident Reactions to the 2002 Winter Olympics: The Spillover Impacts. Journal of Travel Research, 41(1): 46–56.
[16] Delamere, T.A. 2001. Development of a Scale to Measure Residents Attitudes toward the Social Impacts of Community Festivals, Part II: Verification of the scale. Event Management, 7: 25-38.
[17] Department of Statistics in Jordan. 2017. Available at: http://web.dos.gov.jo/sectors/economic/economy/national-economic/
[18] Dolles, H. and Soderman, S. 2008. Mega-Sporting events in Asia - Impacts on society, Business and management: An introduction. Asian Business & Management, 7: 147-162.
[19] FIFA. 2015. 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil. Jordanian Legacy Bodes Well for Future of Women's Football. Available at: http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2015/m=12/news=2014-fifa-world-cuptm-reached-3-2-billion-viewers-one-billion-watched-2745519.htmlhttp://www.fifa.com/u17womensworldcup/news/y=2016/m=10/news=jordanian-legacy-bodes-well-for-future-of-women-s-football-2845723.html
[20] FIFA. 2016. FIFA U-17 Women’s World Cup Jordan 2016. Statistical Kit
[21] FIFA. 2017. FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup. Jordanian legacy bodes well for future of women's football Available at: http://www.fifa.com/u17womensworldcup/news/y=2016/m=10/news=jordanian-legacy-bodes-well-for-future-of-women-s-football-2845723.html
[22] Fredline, E. 2004. Host community reactions to motor sports events: the perception of impact on quality of life. In B. Ritchie & D. Adair (Eds.), Sport Tourism: Interrelationships, Impacts and Issues, pp. 155–173. Clevedon: Channel View Publications
[23] Fredline, E. 2006. Host and Guest Relations and Sport Tourism. In H. Gibson (Ed.), Sport Tourism: Concepts and theories (pp. 131–147). New York: Routledge.
[24] Fredline, E. and Faulkner, B. 2000. Host Communities Reactions: A Cluster Analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3): 763-784.
[25] Funk, D. C., Mahony, D. F., Nakazawa, M., and Hirakawa, S. 2001. Development of the Sport Interest Inventory (SII): Implication for Measuring Unique Consumermotives at Team Sporting Events. International Journal of Sports Marketing &Sponsorship, 3(3): 291-317
[26] Gammon, S., and Robinson, T. 2003. Sport and Tourism: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Sport Tourism, 8(1): 21-26.
[27] Getz, D. 1997. Event Management and Event Tourism, Cognizant, New York, NY.
[28] Getz, D. 2008. Event tourism: Definition, Evolution, and Research. Tourism Management, 29: 403-428.
[29] Gibson, H.J., Kaplanidou, K. and Kang, S.J. 2012. Small-scale Event Sport Tourism: A Case Study in Sustainable Tourism. Sport Management Review; 15: 160-170.
[30] Grix, J. 2013. ‘Image’ Leveraging and Sports Mega-Events: Germany and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 17: 289-312.
[31] Gursoy, D., Kim, K. and Uysal, M. 2004. Perceived Impacts of Festivals and Special Events by Organizers: An Extension and Validation. Tourism Management, 25(2): 171–181.
[32] Hallmann, K. 2012. Women’s 2011 Football World Cup: The Impact of Perceived Images of Women’s Soccer and the World Cup 2011 on Interest in Attending Matches. Sport Management Review, 15: 33–42.
[33] Henderson, J. C. 2014. Hosting the 2022 FIFA World Cup: Opportunities and Challenges for Qatar. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 19(3-4): 281-298.
[34] Hiller, H. 2006. Post-event Outcomes and the Post-Modern Turn: The Olympics and Urban Transformation. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6: 317-332.
[35] Horne.J, Tomlinson, A., Whannel, G., and Woodward, K. 2013. Understanding Sport: A Socio-Cultural Analysis. London: Routledge.
[36] Houlihan, B. and Zheng, J. 2015. Small States: Sport and Politics at the Margin. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 7(3): 329-344.
[37] Khodr, H. 2012. Exploring the Driving Factors behind the Event Strategy in Qatar: A Case Study of the 15th Asian Games. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 3: 181-100.
[38] Kim, H., Gursoy, D., and Lee, S. 2006. The impact of the 2002 World Cup on South Korea: Comparisons of Pre- and Post-Games. Tourism Management, 27: 86-96.
[39] Kim, N., and Chalip, L. 2004. Why travel to the FIFA World Cup? Effects of Motives, Background, Interest, and Constraints. Tourism Management, 25: 695–707.
[40] Kim, S, and Petrick J. 2005. Residents’ Perceptions on Impacts of the FIFA 2002 World Cup: The Case of Seoul as a host City. Tourism Management, 26: 25-38.
[41] Kim, W., Jun, H. M., Walker, M. and Drane, D. 2015. Evaluating the Perceived Social Impacts of Hosting Large-Scale Sport Tourism Events: Scale Development and Validation. Tourism Management, 48: 21-32.
[42] Kim, W., and Walker, M. 2012. Measuring the Social Impacts Associated with Super Bowl XLIII: Preliminary Development of a Psychic Income Scale. Sport Management Review, 15 (1): 91-108.
[43] Knott, B., Fyall, A., and Jones, I. 2013.The Nation-Branding Legacy of the 2010 FIFA World Cup for South Africa. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 22: 569-595.
[44] Konstantaki, M., and Wickens, E. 2010. Residents' Perception of Environmental and Security Issues at the 2012 London Olympic Games. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 15(4): 337-357.
[45] Kotze, N., and Visser, G. 2008. Sport Tourism: Comparing Participant Profiles and Impact of Three One-Day Events in South Africa. Africa Insight, 38(3): 41-62.
[46] Kurtzman, J., and Zauhar, J. 2003. A wave in time - The sport tourism phenomena. Journal of Sport Tourism, 8: 35-47.
[47] Lee, C. and Taylor, T. 2005. Critical Reflections of the Economic Impact Assessment of a Mega-Event; the Case of 2002 FIFA World Cup. Tourism Management, 26: 595–603.
[48] Lohmann, P. et al. 2015. Analysis of Tourists’ Perception During 2014 World Cup in Brazil, Procedia Economics and Finance, 2nd Global Conference on Business, Economics, Management and Tourism, 23: 118 – 122.
[49] Malhado, A., and Rothfuss, R. 2013. Transporting 2014 FIFA World Cup to Sustainability: Exploring Residents’ and Tourists’ Attitudes and Behaviours. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 5(3): 252-269.
[50] Mansfeld, Y., and Winckler, O. 2015. Can this be spring? Assessing the impact of the “Arab Spring” on the Arab tourism industry. Turizam: znanstveno-stručni časopis, 63(2): 205-223.
[51] Mathieson, A., and Wall, G. 1982. Tourism Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. Essex, UK: Longman Group Limited.
[52] Mihalik, B.J., and Cummings, P. 1995. Host perceptions of the 1996 Atlanta Olympics: Support, Attendance, Benefits and Liabilities. Travel and Tourism Research Association 26th Annual Proceedings. 397–400.
[53] Minnaert, L. 2012. An Olympic legacy for all? The Non-Infrastructural Outcomes of the Olympic Games for Socially Excluded Groups (Atlanta 1996-Beijing 2008). Tourism Management, 33: 361-370.
[54] Ohmann, S., Jones, I., and Wilkes, K. 2006. The Perceived Social Impacts of the 2006 Football World Cup on Munich Residents. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11: 129-152.
[55] Parrish, C. and Nauright, J. 2014. Soccer Around the World: A Cultural Guide to the World’s Favorite Sport. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio.
[56] Preuss, H. 2004. The Economics of Staging the Olympics: A comparison of the Games 1972-2008. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
[57] Preuss, H. 2013. The Contribution of the FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Games to Green Economy. Sustainability, 5: 3581-3600.
[58] Reiche, D. 2015. Investing in Sporting Success as a Domestic and Foreign Policy Tool: The Case of Qatar. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 7(4): 489-504.
[59] Ritchie, J. R. 1984. Assessing the Impacts of Hallmark Events: Conceptual and Research Issues. Journal of Travel Research, 23(1): 1-11.
[60] Roche, M. 2000. Mega-events and Modernity. London, Routledge Standeven, J. and De Knop, P. 1999. Sport tourism, Champaign. IL: Human Kinetics.
[61] Sutton.J. 2016. From Desert to Destination: Conceptual Insights into the Growth of Events Tourism in the United Arab Emirates. Anatolia, 27(3): 352-366.
[62] Swart, K., Bob, U., and Arrey, V.M. 2008. Sport Events and their Socio-Economic Impact: Residents' Perceptions of the Isuzu Berg River Canoe Marathon. Africa Insight, 38(3): 123-134.
[63] Twynam, G. and Johnston, M. 2004. Changes in Host Community Reactions to a Special Sporting Event. Current Issues in Tourism, 7(3): 242-261.
[64] Valek, N. 2015. Abu Dhabi Sport Tourism: from Zero to Hero. In Plevnik, M, Retar, I, Pisot, R, and Obid, A. Sustainable Development of Sports Tourism. University of Primorska. pp 11-21.
[65] Waitt, G. 2003. Social Impacts of the Sydney Olympics. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1): 194–215.
Published
2018-06-27
How to Cite
ALLAN, Mamoon.
Assessing the Perceptions of Local Residents on the Positive and Negative Impacts of FIFA U-17 Women’s World Cup in Jordan 2016.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 255-266, june 2018.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/2091>. Date accessed: 24 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v9.2(26).05.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.