Factorial Structure of Community Intervention Strategies in Ecotourism
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to identify existence of various community intervention strategies (CIS) and its’ dimensional orientation of community based ecotourism (CBE) destinations of India. The study adopted exploratory sequential method, employed focus group, interview and structured questionnaire for primary data collection. Exploratory factor analysis was done for identifying dimensions of CIS. Data gathered from four Protected area (PA) based ecotourism destinations of Kerala, India, viz Thenmala, Periyar, Parambikulam and Wayanad. The results indicate that there are 16 intervention strategies widely practiced in CBE destinations of India. All these 16 intervention strategies have three distinct dimensions consist of governance, ecodevelopment and commercial, which underline the diversified way of intervening in resource management practices at ecotourism destinations.
References
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*** OECD. 2012. Public Governance Reviews. Strategic Agility for Strong Societies and Economies. OECD Publishing
*** Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionaries (9th Ed.). 2015. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*** UNEP., and UNWTO. 2005. Making Tourism More Sustainable - A Guide for Policy Makers. Available at: http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx0592xPA-TourismPolicyEN.pdf. (accessed: 12.05.2011)
*** United Nations. 1997. Glossary of Environment Statistics, Studies in Methods. Series F, No. 67. New York: United Nations
[2] Beeton, S. 1998. Ecotourism: A Practical Guide for Rural Communities. Collingwood: Landlinks Press,186 p.
[3] Bloom, D.B., and Crabtree, B. 2006. The qualitative research interview, Medical Education, 40(4): 314-321. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x
[4] Buckley, R.C. 2009. Evaluating the net effects of ecotourism on the environment: A framework, first assessment and future research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(6): 643 - 672. DOI:10.1080/09669580902999188
[5] Cater, E. 1994. Ecotourism in the third world problems and prospects for sustainability. In Ecotourism: A sustainable option? Edited by: Cater, E. and Lowman, G, Chichester: Wiley, 69-86 pp.
[6] Churchill, G.A. 1979. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16 (2): 64-73. DOI:10.2307/3150876
[7] Comrey, L.A., and Lee, H.B. 1992. A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillside, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey.
[8] Creswell, J.W., Plano Clark, V.L., Gutmann, M.L., and Hanson, W.E. 2003. Advanced mixed methods research designs. In Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research. Edited by Tashakkori, A., and Teddlie, C., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 209–240 pp.
[9] Danielsen, F., Burgess, N.D., Balmford, A., Donald, P.F., Funder, M., Yonten, D. 2009. Local participation in natural resource monitoring: a characterization of approaches. Conservation Biology, 23 (1):31-42. DOI:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01063.
[10] David, M., and Sutton, C.D. 2004. Social Research the Basics. London: Sage. SAGE Publications Ltd; 1st Edition (May 24, 2004), ISBN-10: 0761973664, 400 p.
[11] Denman, R. 2001. Guidelines for Community based Ecotourism Development, WWF International, U.K. Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/how-to-cga.pdf (accessed: 12.05.2011).
[12] Diamantis, D. 1997. The development of ecotourism and the necessity of using environmental auditing in its planning agenda. General Technical Report Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, 19–23 pp.
[13] Ethridge, D.E. 2004. Research Methodology in Applied Economics. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, ISBN: 978-0-8138-2994-4, 248 p.
[14] Field, A. 2005: Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, (2nd ed.). London: Sage. Available at: http://www.soc.univ.kiev.ua/sites/default/files/library/elopen/andy-field-discovering-statistics-using-spss-third-edition-20091.pdf
[15] Flores and Sipaseuth. 2002. Summary Report on the 2002 International Year of Ecotourism Preparatory Meeting for the Southeast Asia Region for the World Ecotourism Summit. Available at: http://www.ecotourism.org/key-documents-state-of-the-tourism-industry (accessed: 12 05 2011)
[16] Fritz, J.M. 2014. Essentials of Community Intervention. In Community Intervention: Clinical Sociology Perspectives. Edited by Fritz, J. M. and Rhéaume, J. New York: Springer, 15-29 pp.
[17] Gupta, M., and Gupta, D. 2013 Research Methodology. New Delhi, PHI. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0601009.pdf
[18] Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., and Tatham, R. 2006. Multivariate statistics: London: Pearson. ISBN:0205459382
[19] Haroon, A.I. 1999. Role of communities in ecotourism. Ecotourism Society Pakistan, Mountain Forum. Available at: http://lib.icimod.org/record/10518/files/397.pdf (accessed: 12.05.2011)
[20] Jick, T.D. 1983. Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Triangulation in Action. In Qualitative Methodology. Edited by Van Maanen J, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 135-148 pp.
[21] Kitzinger, J. 1995. Qualitative research: Introducing focus groups. British Medical Journal, 311 (4): 299–302. DOI:10.1136/bmj.311.7000.299
[22] Krueger, R., and Casey, M. 2008. Focus groups (4th Ed.) London: Sage, ISBN-10: 1412969476, 240 p.
[23] Lincoln, Y.S. and Guba, E. G. 1985. Naturalistic inquiry, Beverly Hills: Sage, ISBN: 0803924313, 9780803924314
[24] Maxwell, J., and Loomis, D. 2002. Mixed methods design: An alternative approach. In Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research. Edited by A. Tashakkori and C. Teddlie (Eds.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 241–271 pp.
[25] Miller, K.L. 2008. Evaluating the design and management of community - based ecotourism projects in Guatemala. Masters’ Thesis, University of Montana, USA. Available at: www.cfc.umt.edu/grad/ICD/pdf/ Miller%20Kassi%20MS.pdf.( accessed: 12.05.2011)
[26] Mowforth, M., and Munt, I. 1998. Tourism and Sustainability: A New Tourism in the Third World. London: Routledge, 384 p., ISBN-10: 0415137632
[27] Okazaki, E. 2008. A community-based tourism model: its conception and use. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(5): 511-529. DOI: 10.1080/09669580802159594
[28] Orams, M.B. 1995. Using interpretation to manage nature-based tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 4(2): 81-94. DOI: 10.1080/09669589608667260
[29] Parkins, J.R., Stedman, R.C., and Varghese, J. 2001. Moving towards local-level indicators of sustainability in forest-based communities: a mixed-method approach. Social Indicator Research, 56 (1): 43–72. DOI: 10.1023/A:1011886609486
[30] Robert, J.W. 2001 Subsistence Food production and distribution in Alaska: Social Organization, Management, and Development issues. INUSSUK- Arctic Research Journal, 1 (2): 213-231
[31] Rossiter, J.R. 2002. The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 19 (2): 305 – 335. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-8116(02)00097-6
[32] Scheyvens. R. 1999. Ecotourism and the Empowerment of Local Communities. Tourism Management, 20 (3): 245–249. DOI: 10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7
[33] Sproule, K.W. 1996. Community based ecotourism development: Identifying partners in the process, Bulletin series, 99. Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University. New Haven, Connecticut, 233 – 250 pp.
[34] Tabachnick, B.G., and Fidell, L.S. 2007. Using Multivariate Statistics, (5th Ed.) Boston: Pearson.
[35] Thomas, R.M. 2003. Blending qualitative and quantitative research methods in theses and dissertations. Thousand Oaks, Califirnia: Corwin Press, Inc, Sage.
[36] Timothy, D.J., and White, K. 1999. Community-based ecotourism development on the periphery of Belize. Current Issues in Tourism, 2(2-3): 226-242. DOI: 10.1080/13683509908667853
[37] Trochim, W.M.K. 2006. Introduction to Validity. Social Research Methods. Available at: http://www.social researchmethods.net/kb/intreval.php (accessed: 12.05.2011)
[38] Weaver, D. 2008. Ecotourism (2nd Ed.). Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, ISBN: 0470813040, 9780470813041, 360 p.
[39] Weaver, D.B. 1999. Magnitude of Ecotourism in Costa Rica and Kenya. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4): 792-816. DOI: 10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00044-4
[40] Yong, A.G., and Pearce, S. 2013. A Beginner’s Guide to Factor Analysis: Focusing on Exploratory Factor Analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2): 79-94.
[41] Young, M. 2008. Development of criteria and indicators for evaluating forest-based ecotourism destination: A Delphi study. Master’s thesis. Morgantown: West Virginia University. Available at: https://www.researchgate. net/publication/ 228826578. (accessed: 12.05.2011)
*** OECD. 2012. Public Governance Reviews. Strategic Agility for Strong Societies and Economies. OECD Publishing
*** Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionaries (9th Ed.). 2015. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*** UNEP., and UNWTO. 2005. Making Tourism More Sustainable - A Guide for Policy Makers. Available at: http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx0592xPA-TourismPolicyEN.pdf. (accessed: 12.05.2011)
*** United Nations. 1997. Glossary of Environment Statistics, Studies in Methods. Series F, No. 67. New York: United Nations
Published
2017-09-25
How to Cite
VINODAN, A.; MANALEL, James; MEERA, S..
Factorial Structure of Community Intervention Strategies in Ecotourism.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 3, p. 590-605, sep. 2017.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/1385>. Date accessed: 15 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v8.3(19).10.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.