Local Migration Security and Human Capital Retention: Institutional Responses of Ukrainian Communities Under War Conditions
Abstract
The wartime displacement of Ukraine’s population has intensified the need for territorial communities to retain human capital and integrate internally displaced persons (IDPs). This study examines how representatives of local self-government bodies (LSGs) assess the institutional and managerial capacity of communities to respond to these challenges. The empirical evidence comes from an online expert survey of 51 LSG representatives from 51 urban, settlement, and rural communities in 11 regions of Ukraine, conducted in April - May 2025. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including a one-sample t-test, a Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and normalized Shannon entropy, were applied to analyze the survey results. Respondents most frequently associated community capacity to retain human capital with youth, transport, and medical infrastructure; cultural and recreational spaces; industrial parks and innovation hubs; and housing development. The findings also reveal limited local analytical capacity: 10% of respondents reported systematic migration monitoring, 44% reported monitoring that required improvement, and 46% reported no monitoring. The results characterize institutional perceptions and practices rather than residents’ migration intentions. The study extends the territorial resilience perspective by showing how decentralized wartime governance links migration security with youth policy, social infrastructure, IDP integration, local employment, intersectoral cooperation, and migration monitoring. The findings can inform local migration-security strategies and human-capital retention programs, subject to the limitations of an institutionally homogeneous, cross-sectional expert sample.
References
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Huysmans, J. (2000). The European Union and the securitization of migration. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 38, 751–777. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00263
Jauhiainen, J. S. (2026). Reintegration of war-fleeing Ukrainians after their return to Ukraine. International Migration, 64(1), e70124. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.70124
Kabata, M., & Jacobs, A. (2023). The «migrant other» as a security threat: The «migration crisis» and the securitising move of the Polish ruling party in response to the EU relocation scheme. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 31(4), 1223–1239. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2022.2146072
Kooiman, N., Latten, J., & Bontje, M. (2018). Human capital migration: A longitudinal perspective. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 109, 644–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12324
Lacroix, T. (2022). Migration-related city networks: A global overview. Local Government Studies, 48(6), 1027–1047. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2021.1938553
Lagakos, D., Mobarak, A. M., & Waugh, M. E. (2023). The welfare effects of encouraging rural-urban migration. Econometrica, 91(3), 803–837. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA15962
Léonard, S. (2010). EU border security and migration into the European Union: FRONTEX and securitisation through practices. European Security, 19(2), 231–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2010.526937
Levytska, O., Mulska, O., Shushkova, Y., Ivaniuk, U., Vasyltsiv, T., Krupin, V., & Ivanova, L. (2022). Modelling the impact of emigration upon social and economic development of the Carpathian region of Ukraine. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 57, 141–154. https://doi.org/10.12775/bgss-2022-0028
Lulle, A., Janta, H., & Emilsson, H. (2021). Introduction to the special issue: European youth migration: Human capital outcomes, skills and competences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(8), 1725–1739. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1679407
Melnyk, M., Ivaniuk, U., Leshchukh, I., & Halkiv, L. (2023). The sustainable development and resilience of socio-economic system: Conceptualization and diagnostics of problems in conditions of global challenges and shocks. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(4), 1035–1043. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.180406
Moore, W. H., & Shellman, S. M. (2004). Fear of persecution: Forced migration, 1952–1995. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(5), 723–745. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002704267767
Obi, C., Bartolini, F., & D’Haese, M. (2020). International migration, remittance and food security during food crises: The case study of Nigeria. Food Security, 12, 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-019-00990-3
Pacciardi, A., & Berndtsson, J. (2022). EU border externalisation and security outsourcing: Exploring the migration industry in Libya. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(17), 4010–4028. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2061930
Phillips, D., & Robinson, D. (2015). Reflections on migration, community, and place. Population, Space and Place, 21(5), 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1911
Prakash, A. (2012). The plight of the forgotten ones: Civil war and forced migration. International Studies Quarterly, 56(3), 590–606. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00712.x
Ruiz, I., & Vargas-Silva, C. (2013). The economics of forced migration. The Journal of Development Studies, 49(6), 772–784. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2013.777707
Sasin, M. J., & McKenzie, D. (2007). Migration, remittances, poverty, and human capital: Conceptual and empirical challenges. Policy Research Working Paper (No. 4272). https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4272
Selod, H., & Shilpi, F. (2021). Rural-urban migration in developing countries: Lessons from the literature. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 91, 103713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103713
Semiv, S., Berezivskiy, Y., Baranyak, I., Mulska, O., & Ivaniuk, U. (2021). Priorities and tools of regulation of external migration in the Carpathian region of Ukraine. Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, 7(2), 160–181. https://doi.org/10.51599/are.2021.07.02.09
Stępka, M. (2022). Identifying security logics in the EU policy discourse: The «migration crisis» and the EU. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93035-6
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Theodore, N., & Martin, N. (2007). Migrant civil society: New voices in the struggle over community development. Journal of Urban Affairs, 29(3), 269–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2007.00343.x
Vasyltsiv, T., Mulska, O., Hrabynska, I., Ivaniuk, U., & Shopska, Y. (2023). Financial and economic security of agricultural business: Specifics, analysis methodology, and measures of stabilization. Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, 9(2), 88–110. https://doi.org/10.51599/are.2023.09.02.04
Vasyltsiv, T., Lupak, R., Mulska, O., Levytska, O., & Baranyak, I. (2024). Youth migration during war: Triggers of positive aspirations and preservation of human resources in Ukraine. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 22(2), 627–641. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(2).2024.49
Voznyak, H., Mulska, O., Bil, M. (2021). Migration aspirations of territory population: A case study of Ukraine. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(2), 217–231. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(2).2021.18
Voznyak, H., Mulska, O., Druhov, O., Patytska, K., & Sorokovyi, D. (2023). Adaptation of internally displaced persons in host communities under conditions of war in Ukraine: The role of local governments. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 21(2), 323–335. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(2).2023.32
Williams, A. M. (2006). Lost in translation? International migration, learning and knowledge. Progress in Human Geography, 30(5), 588–607. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913250607016
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Beenstock, M., Ramos, R., & Suriñach, J. (2015). Migration, human capital and social capital: Lessons for the EU neighbouring countries. International Journal of Manpower, 36(4), 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-01-2015-0001
Bigo, D. (2002). Security and immigration: Toward a critique of the governmentality of unease. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 27(1), 63–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/03043754020270S105
Boiko, V., Mulska, O., Baranyak, I., & Levytska, O. (2021). Ukrainian migration aspirations towards Germany: Analysis and development scenarios. Comparative Economic Research, 24(1), 65–84. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=946127
Bourbeau, P. (2015). Migration, resilience and security: Responses to new inflows of asylum seekers and migrants. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(12), 1958–1977. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1047331
Bowman, M. J., & Myers, R. G. (1967). Schooling, experience, and gains and losses in human capital through migration. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 62(319), 875–898. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1967.10500900
Braithwaite, A., Salehyan, I., & Savun, B. (2019). Refugees, forced migration, and conflict: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Peace Research, 56(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234331881412
Castles, S. (2003). Towards a sociology of forced migration and social transformation. Sociology, 37(1), 13–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038503037001384
Ceyhan, A., & Tsoukala, A. (2002). The securitization of migration in Western societies: Ambivalent discourses and policies. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 27, 21–39. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45468066
Choithani, C. (2017). Understanding the linkages between migration and household food security in India. Geographical Research, 55, 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-5871.12223
de Haas, H. (2010). Migration and development: A theoretical perspective. International Migration Review, 44(1), 227–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.x
Di Maria, C., & Stryszowski, P. (2009). Migration, human capital accumulation and economic development. Journal of Development Economics, 90(2), 306–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.06.008
Dustmann, C., Fadlon, I., & Weiss, Y. (2011). Return migration, human capital accumulation and the brain drain. Journal of Development Economics, 95(1), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.04.006
Estevens, J. (2018). Migration crisis in the EU: Developing a framework for analysis of national security and defence strategies. Comparative Migration Studies, 6, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0093-3
Faist, T. (2018). The moral polity of forced migration. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41(3), 412–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1324170
Faggian, A., Rajbhandari, I., & Dotzel, K. R. (2018). The interregional migration of human capital and its regional consequences: A review. Regional Studies, 51(1), 128–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1263388
González-Leonardo, M., Rowe, F., & Fresolone-Caparrós, A. (2022). Rural revival? The rise in internal migration to rural areas during the COVID-19 pandemic. Who moved and where? Journal of Rural Studies, 96, 332–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.11.006
Guild, E., & Groenendijk, K. (2023). The impact of war in Ukraine on EU migration. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2023.1189625
Halkiv, L., Karyy, O., Kulyniak, I., Kis, Y., & Tsapulych, A. (2021). The national system of higher education and government procurement for its services as activators of the development of IT entrepreneurship. In CEUR Workshop Proceedings: 5th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Systems (COLINS 2021) (Vol. 2870, pp. 1338–1349).
Hardin, R. (2005). Migration and community. Journal of Social Philosophy, 36, 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9833.2005.00271.x
Humphrey, M. (2013). Migration, security and insecurity. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 34(2), 178–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2013.781982
Huysmans, J. (2000). The European Union and the securitization of migration. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 38, 751–777. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00263
Jauhiainen, J. S. (2026). Reintegration of war-fleeing Ukrainians after their return to Ukraine. International Migration, 64(1), e70124. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.70124
Kabata, M., & Jacobs, A. (2023). The «migrant other» as a security threat: The «migration crisis» and the securitising move of the Polish ruling party in response to the EU relocation scheme. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 31(4), 1223–1239. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2022.2146072
Kooiman, N., Latten, J., & Bontje, M. (2018). Human capital migration: A longitudinal perspective. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 109, 644–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12324
Lacroix, T. (2022). Migration-related city networks: A global overview. Local Government Studies, 48(6), 1027–1047. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2021.1938553
Lagakos, D., Mobarak, A. M., & Waugh, M. E. (2023). The welfare effects of encouraging rural-urban migration. Econometrica, 91(3), 803–837. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA15962
Léonard, S. (2010). EU border security and migration into the European Union: FRONTEX and securitisation through practices. European Security, 19(2), 231–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2010.526937
Levytska, O., Mulska, O., Shushkova, Y., Ivaniuk, U., Vasyltsiv, T., Krupin, V., & Ivanova, L. (2022). Modelling the impact of emigration upon social and economic development of the Carpathian region of Ukraine. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 57, 141–154. https://doi.org/10.12775/bgss-2022-0028
Lulle, A., Janta, H., & Emilsson, H. (2021). Introduction to the special issue: European youth migration: Human capital outcomes, skills and competences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(8), 1725–1739. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1679407
Melnyk, M., Ivaniuk, U., Leshchukh, I., & Halkiv, L. (2023). The sustainable development and resilience of socio-economic system: Conceptualization and diagnostics of problems in conditions of global challenges and shocks. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(4), 1035–1043. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.180406
Moore, W. H., & Shellman, S. M. (2004). Fear of persecution: Forced migration, 1952–1995. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(5), 723–745. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002704267767
Obi, C., Bartolini, F., & D’Haese, M. (2020). International migration, remittance and food security during food crises: The case study of Nigeria. Food Security, 12, 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-019-00990-3
Pacciardi, A., & Berndtsson, J. (2022). EU border externalisation and security outsourcing: Exploring the migration industry in Libya. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(17), 4010–4028. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2061930
Phillips, D., & Robinson, D. (2015). Reflections on migration, community, and place. Population, Space and Place, 21(5), 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1911
Prakash, A. (2012). The plight of the forgotten ones: Civil war and forced migration. International Studies Quarterly, 56(3), 590–606. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00712.x
Ruiz, I., & Vargas-Silva, C. (2013). The economics of forced migration. The Journal of Development Studies, 49(6), 772–784. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2013.777707
Sasin, M. J., & McKenzie, D. (2007). Migration, remittances, poverty, and human capital: Conceptual and empirical challenges. Policy Research Working Paper (No. 4272). https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4272
Selod, H., & Shilpi, F. (2021). Rural-urban migration in developing countries: Lessons from the literature. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 91, 103713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103713
Semiv, S., Berezivskiy, Y., Baranyak, I., Mulska, O., & Ivaniuk, U. (2021). Priorities and tools of regulation of external migration in the Carpathian region of Ukraine. Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, 7(2), 160–181. https://doi.org/10.51599/are.2021.07.02.09
Stępka, M. (2022). Identifying security logics in the EU policy discourse: The «migration crisis» and the EU. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93035-6
Taylor, J. E., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Massey, D. S., & Pellegrino, A. (1996). International migration and community development. Population Index, 62(3), 397–418. https://doi.org/10.2307/3645924
Theodore, N., & Martin, N. (2007). Migrant civil society: New voices in the struggle over community development. Journal of Urban Affairs, 29(3), 269–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2007.00343.x
Vasyltsiv, T., Mulska, O., Hrabynska, I., Ivaniuk, U., & Shopska, Y. (2023). Financial and economic security of agricultural business: Specifics, analysis methodology, and measures of stabilization. Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, 9(2), 88–110. https://doi.org/10.51599/are.2023.09.02.04
Vasyltsiv, T., Lupak, R., Mulska, O., Levytska, O., & Baranyak, I. (2024). Youth migration during war: Triggers of positive aspirations and preservation of human resources in Ukraine. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 22(2), 627–641. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(2).2024.49
Voznyak, H., Mulska, O., Bil, M. (2021). Migration aspirations of territory population: A case study of Ukraine. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(2), 217–231. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(2).2021.18
Voznyak, H., Mulska, O., Druhov, O., Patytska, K., & Sorokovyi, D. (2023). Adaptation of internally displaced persons in host communities under conditions of war in Ukraine: The role of local governments. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 21(2), 323–335. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(2).2023.32
Williams, A. M. (2006). Lost in translation? International migration, learning and knowledge. Progress in Human Geography, 30(5), 588–607. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913250607016
Wohlfeld, M. (2014). Is migration a security issue? In O. Grech & M. Wohlfeld (Eds.), Migration in the Mediterranean: Human rights, security and development perspectives (pp. 61–77). Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies.
Zuchowski, D. (2025). Migration response to an immigration shock: Evidence from Russia’s aggression against Ukraine. Journal of Economic Geography, 25(1), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbae042
Zwingmann, C. H., & Pfister-Ammende, M. (1973). Uprooting and after... In Uprooting and after... (pp. 1–3). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95213-5_1
Published
2026-09-30
How to Cite
MULSKA, Olha et al.
Local Migration Security and Human Capital Retention: Institutional Responses of Ukrainian Communities Under War Conditions.
Theoretical and Practical Research in Economic Fields, [S.l.], v. 17, n. 3, p. 923 - 940, sep. 2026.
ISSN 2068-7710.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/tpref/article/view/9676>. Date accessed: 03 oct. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v17.3(39).21.
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