Integrating Mental Health into Household Economic Behaviour
Abstract
Mental health is increasingly recognized as a factor that influences economic perceptions and behaviour. This study examines how mental health influences the expected impact on expenses allocation through economic strain, household financial satisfaction, and anticipated household financial adjustment. Data were collected from 309 Malaysian adults. The variables were measured using validated instruments, namely the DASS-21 and the Family Economic Strain Scale. Hierarchical multiple regression and partial least squares structural equation modelling were used to examine incremental prediction and sequential mediation pathways. First, the regression analysis showed that mental health variables explained only a small proportion of the variance in the expected impact on expense allocation. The inclusion of economic strain improved the model fit while anticipated household financial adjustment produced the largest increase in explained variance and emerged as the strongest predictor. Second, the structural model showed that higher depression levels were associated with greater economic strain, followed by stronger anticipated household financial adjustment and a greater expected impact on expense allocation. The findings suggest that depression influences household economic expectations indirectly through perceived economic pressure and anticipatory adjustment. The results highlight the importance of integrating mental health considerations into economic support initiatives and strengthening households’ capacity for forward-looking financial planning.
References
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Conger, R. D., & Conger, K. J. (2002). Resilience in Midwestern families: Selected findings from the first decade of a prospective, longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2), 361–373. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600110
Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Martin, M. J. (2010). Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 685–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x
Conger, R. D., Lorenz, F. O., Elder, G. H., Jr., Melby, J. N., Simons, R. L., & Conger, K. J. (1991). A process model of family economic pressure and early adolescent alcohol use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(4), 430–449. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600110
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Gathergood, J. (2012). Self-control, financial literacy and consumer over-indebtedness. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(3), 590–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.11.006
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Gutter, M. S., & Copur, Z. (2011). Financial behaviors and financial well-being of college students: Evidence from a national survey. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 32(4), 699–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-011-9255-2
Hamilton, R. W., Mittal, C., Shah, A., Thompson, D. V., & Griskevicius, V. (2019). How financial constraints influence consumer behavior: An integrative framework. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 29(2), 285–305. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1074
Haushofer, J., & Fehr, E. (2014). On the psychology of poverty. Science, 344(6186), 862–867. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1232491
Hertz-Palmor, N., Moore, T. M., Gothelf, D., DiDomenico, G. E., Dekel, I., Greenberg, D. M., et al. (2021). Association among income loss, financial strain and depressive symptoms during COVID-19: Evidence from two longitudinal studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 291, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.054
Hilton, J. M., & Devall, E. L. (1997). The family economic strain scale: Development and evaluation of the instrument with single- and two-parent families. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 18(3), 247–271. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024974829218
Hira, T. K., & Mugenda, O. (2000). Gender differences in financial perceptions, behaviors, and satisfaction. Journal of Financial Planning, 13(2), 86–92.
Hu, M., Nie, W., Song, J., Wang, T., & Ye, X. (2023). Relationship between household financial debt and depressive symptoms: A longitudinal study in China. BMJ Open, 13(9), e074024. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074024
Ibrahim, N., Amit, N., & Suen, M. W. Y. (2014). Psychological factors as predictors of suicidal ideation among adolescents in Malaysia. PLoS ONE, 9(10), e110670. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110670
Institute for Public Health. (2020). National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019: Vol. 1. Non-communicable diseases, risk factors and other health problems. Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Joo, S.-H., & Grable, J. E. (2004). An exploratory framework of the determinants of financial satisfaction. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 25(1), 25–50. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JEEI.0000016722.37994.9f
Kahn, J. R., & Pearlin, L. I. (2006). Financial strain over the life course and health among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650604700102
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1914185
Kim, J., & Garman, E. T. (2003). Financial stress and absenteeism: An empirically derived model. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 14(1), 31–42. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2265634
Lal, A., Ganjali, S., McCaffrey, N., Segan, C., Scollo, M., & Mohebbi, M. (2026). The combined association of individuals’ psychological distress, mental health and smoking status with household expenditure. BJPsych Open, 12, e81. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10949
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Psychology Foundation.
Mani, A., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zhao, J. (2013). Poverty impedes cognitive function. Science, 341(6149), 976–980. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1238041
Masarik, A. S., & Conger, R. D. (2017). Stress and child development: A review of the family stress model. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.008
McNair, S., Nyhus, E. K., & Ranyard, R. (2024). Propensity to spend and borrow at a time of high pressure: The role of the meaning of Christmas and other psychological factors. Frontiers in Behavioral Economics, 3, 1385609. https://doi.org/10.3389/frbhe.2024.1385609
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2001). Age and the effect of economic hardship on depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42(2), 132–150. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090174
Neppl, T. K., Senia, J. M., & Donnellan, M. B. (2015). Effects of economic hardship: Testing the family stress model over time. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26(1), 150–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000168
Netemeyer, R. G., Warmath, D., Fernandes, D., & Lynch, J. G., Jr. (2018). How am I doing? Perceived financial well-being, its potential antecedents, and its relation to overall well-being. Journal of Consumer Research, 45(1), 68–89. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3485990
Pearlin, L. I., Menaghan, E. G., Lieberman, M. A., & Mullan, J. T. (1981). The stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22(4), 337–356. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136676
Peetz, J., & Buehler, R. (2009). Is there a budget fallacy? The role of savings goals in the prediction of personal spending. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(12), 1579–1591. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209345160
Porcelli, A. J., & Delgado, M. R. (2017). Stress and decision making: Effects on valuation, learning, and risk-taking. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 14, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.11.015
Prati, G. (2024). The reciprocal relationships between economic status and mental health: Investigating the between-person and within-person effects in a three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 366, 16–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.169
Prawitz, A. D., Kalkowski, J. C., & Cohart, J. (2013). Responses to economic pressure by low-income families: Financial distress and hopefulness. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 34(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-012-9288-1
Ridley, M., Rao, G., Schilbach, F., & Patel, V. (2020). Poverty, depression, and anxiety: Causal evidence and mechanisms. Science, 370(6522), eaay0214. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay0214
Rock, P. L., Roiser, J. P., Riedel, W. J., & Blackwell, A. D. (2014). Cognitive impairment in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 44(10), 2029–2040. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713002535
Schanbacher, A. D., Faro, D., & Botti, S. (2024). A joint account with my future self: Self-continuity facilitates adjustment of present spending to future income changes. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 34(2), 264–280. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1348
Scholten, L., Betkó, J., Gesthuizen, M., Fransen-Kuppens, G., de Vet, R., & Wolf, J. (2023). Reciprocal relations between financial hardship, sense of societal belonging and mental health for social assistance recipients. Social Science & Medicine, 321, 115781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115781
Snyder, H. R. (2013). Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: A meta-analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 81–132. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028727
Sweet, E., Nandi, A., Adam, E. K., & McDade, T. W. (2013). The high price of debt: Household financial debt and its impact on mental and physical health. Social Science & Medicine, 91, 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.05.009
Tamal, M. E. H., Hassan, K., Gasbarro, D., & Alam, K. (2026). The economic burden of mental health deterioration on Australian households: A longitudinal analysis of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures. Health Economics Review, 16, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00725-z
Thaler, R. H. (2016). Behavioral economics: Past, present, and future. American Economic Review, 106(7), 1577–1600. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.106.7.1577
Voydanoff, P. (1990). Economic distress and family relations: A review of the eighties. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52(4), 1099–1115. https://www.jstor.org/stable/353321
West, T., & Cull, M. (2020). Future expectations and financial satisfaction. Economic Papers: A Journal of Applied Economics and Policy, 39(4), 318–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-3441.12292
World Health Organization. (2022). Mental disorders. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders
Beck, A. T. (2008). The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(8), 969–977. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050721
Bjørndal, L. D., Røysamb, E., Nes, R. B., von Soest, T., & Ebrahimi, O. V. (2025). Financial factors and depression and anxiety: A symptom-specific approach in the general population. SSM - Mental Health, 8, 100508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmmh.2025.100508
Brown, S., Durand, R. B., Harris, M. N., & Weterings, T. (2014). Modelling financial satisfaction across life stages: A latent class approach. Journal of Economic Psychology, 45, 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2014.09.001
Cantril, H. (1965). The pattern of human concerns. Rutgers University Press.
Conger, R. D., & Conger, K. J. (2002). Resilience in Midwestern families: Selected findings from the first decade of a prospective, longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2), 361–373. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600110
Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Martin, M. J. (2010). Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 685–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x
Conger, R. D., Lorenz, F. O., Elder, G. H., Jr., Melby, J. N., Simons, R. L., & Conger, K. J. (1991). A process model of family economic pressure and early adolescent alcohol use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(4), 430–449. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600110
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2020). Penemuan utama 2019: Pendapatan, kemiskinan, ketaksamarataan, perbelanjaan, kemudahan asas. https://www.statistics.gov.my/portalmain/release-content/household-income-&-basic-amenities-survey-report-2019
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2024). Current population estimates, Malaysia, 2024. https://storage.dosm.gov.my/demography/population_2024.pdf
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2018). Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(4), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
Ettman, C. K., Fan, A. Y., Philips, A. P., Adam, G. P., Ringlein, G., Clark, M. A., et al. (2023). Financial strain and depression in the US: A scoping review. Translational Psychiatry, 13(1), 168. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-023-02460-z
Gathergood, J. (2012). Self-control, financial literacy and consumer over-indebtedness. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(3), 590–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.11.006
Guan, N., Guariglia, A., Moore, P., Xu, F., & Al-Janabi, H. (2022). Financial stress and depression in adults: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 17(2), e0264041. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264041
Gutter, M. S., & Copur, Z. (2011). Financial behaviors and financial well-being of college students: Evidence from a national survey. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 32(4), 699–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-011-9255-2
Hamilton, R. W., Mittal, C., Shah, A., Thompson, D. V., & Griskevicius, V. (2019). How financial constraints influence consumer behavior: An integrative framework. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 29(2), 285–305. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1074
Haushofer, J., & Fehr, E. (2014). On the psychology of poverty. Science, 344(6186), 862–867. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1232491
Hertz-Palmor, N., Moore, T. M., Gothelf, D., DiDomenico, G. E., Dekel, I., Greenberg, D. M., et al. (2021). Association among income loss, financial strain and depressive symptoms during COVID-19: Evidence from two longitudinal studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 291, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.054
Hilton, J. M., & Devall, E. L. (1997). The family economic strain scale: Development and evaluation of the instrument with single- and two-parent families. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 18(3), 247–271. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024974829218
Hira, T. K., & Mugenda, O. (2000). Gender differences in financial perceptions, behaviors, and satisfaction. Journal of Financial Planning, 13(2), 86–92.
Hu, M., Nie, W., Song, J., Wang, T., & Ye, X. (2023). Relationship between household financial debt and depressive symptoms: A longitudinal study in China. BMJ Open, 13(9), e074024. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074024
Ibrahim, N., Amit, N., & Suen, M. W. Y. (2014). Psychological factors as predictors of suicidal ideation among adolescents in Malaysia. PLoS ONE, 9(10), e110670. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110670
Institute for Public Health. (2020). National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019: Vol. 1. Non-communicable diseases, risk factors and other health problems. Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Joo, S.-H., & Grable, J. E. (2004). An exploratory framework of the determinants of financial satisfaction. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 25(1), 25–50. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JEEI.0000016722.37994.9f
Kahn, J. R., & Pearlin, L. I. (2006). Financial strain over the life course and health among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650604700102
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1914185
Kim, J., & Garman, E. T. (2003). Financial stress and absenteeism: An empirically derived model. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 14(1), 31–42. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2265634
Lal, A., Ganjali, S., McCaffrey, N., Segan, C., Scollo, M., & Mohebbi, M. (2026). The combined association of individuals’ psychological distress, mental health and smoking status with household expenditure. BJPsych Open, 12, e81. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10949
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Psychology Foundation.
Mani, A., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zhao, J. (2013). Poverty impedes cognitive function. Science, 341(6149), 976–980. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1238041
Masarik, A. S., & Conger, R. D. (2017). Stress and child development: A review of the family stress model. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.008
McNair, S., Nyhus, E. K., & Ranyard, R. (2024). Propensity to spend and borrow at a time of high pressure: The role of the meaning of Christmas and other psychological factors. Frontiers in Behavioral Economics, 3, 1385609. https://doi.org/10.3389/frbhe.2024.1385609
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2001). Age and the effect of economic hardship on depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42(2), 132–150. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090174
Neppl, T. K., Senia, J. M., & Donnellan, M. B. (2015). Effects of economic hardship: Testing the family stress model over time. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26(1), 150–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000168
Netemeyer, R. G., Warmath, D., Fernandes, D., & Lynch, J. G., Jr. (2018). How am I doing? Perceived financial well-being, its potential antecedents, and its relation to overall well-being. Journal of Consumer Research, 45(1), 68–89. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3485990
Pearlin, L. I., Menaghan, E. G., Lieberman, M. A., & Mullan, J. T. (1981). The stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22(4), 337–356. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136676
Peetz, J., & Buehler, R. (2009). Is there a budget fallacy? The role of savings goals in the prediction of personal spending. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(12), 1579–1591. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209345160
Porcelli, A. J., & Delgado, M. R. (2017). Stress and decision making: Effects on valuation, learning, and risk-taking. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 14, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.11.015
Prati, G. (2024). The reciprocal relationships between economic status and mental health: Investigating the between-person and within-person effects in a three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 366, 16–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.169
Prawitz, A. D., Kalkowski, J. C., & Cohart, J. (2013). Responses to economic pressure by low-income families: Financial distress and hopefulness. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 34(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-012-9288-1
Ridley, M., Rao, G., Schilbach, F., & Patel, V. (2020). Poverty, depression, and anxiety: Causal evidence and mechanisms. Science, 370(6522), eaay0214. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay0214
Rock, P. L., Roiser, J. P., Riedel, W. J., & Blackwell, A. D. (2014). Cognitive impairment in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 44(10), 2029–2040. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713002535
Schanbacher, A. D., Faro, D., & Botti, S. (2024). A joint account with my future self: Self-continuity facilitates adjustment of present spending to future income changes. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 34(2), 264–280. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1348
Scholten, L., Betkó, J., Gesthuizen, M., Fransen-Kuppens, G., de Vet, R., & Wolf, J. (2023). Reciprocal relations between financial hardship, sense of societal belonging and mental health for social assistance recipients. Social Science & Medicine, 321, 115781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115781
Snyder, H. R. (2013). Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: A meta-analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 81–132. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028727
Sweet, E., Nandi, A., Adam, E. K., & McDade, T. W. (2013). The high price of debt: Household financial debt and its impact on mental and physical health. Social Science & Medicine, 91, 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.05.009
Tamal, M. E. H., Hassan, K., Gasbarro, D., & Alam, K. (2026). The economic burden of mental health deterioration on Australian households: A longitudinal analysis of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures. Health Economics Review, 16, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00725-z
Thaler, R. H. (2016). Behavioral economics: Past, present, and future. American Economic Review, 106(7), 1577–1600. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.106.7.1577
Voydanoff, P. (1990). Economic distress and family relations: A review of the eighties. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52(4), 1099–1115. https://www.jstor.org/stable/353321
West, T., & Cull, M. (2020). Future expectations and financial satisfaction. Economic Papers: A Journal of Applied Economics and Policy, 39(4), 318–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-3441.12292
World Health Organization. (2022). Mental disorders. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders
Published
2026-09-30
How to Cite
JING-YING ANG, Mandy et al.
Integrating Mental Health into Household Economic Behaviour.
Theoretical and Practical Research in Economic Fields, [S.l.], v. 17, n. 3, p. 633 - 645, sep. 2026.
ISSN 2068-7710.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/tpref/article/view/9656>. Date accessed: 03 oct. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v17.3(39).01.
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