Impact of Remittances on Women’s Longevity in North African Countries
Abstract
This article aims to explore the impact of migrants’ remittances on life expectancy and mortality rate of adult women left behind in north African countries. The study contributes to the literature by highlighting how remittances can support the achievement of sustainable development goals. At the same time, it investigates the extent to which remittances may challenge social policies in these countries. The empirical findings suggest that remittances significantly increase life expectancy of women in north Africa countries. Furthermore, migrants’ remittances are negatively and significatively associated with the mortality rate for adult women. Assessing the impact of remittances by country, highlights the existence of significant differences between the countries in the sub-region. The results suggest that, although remittances have positive aspects on the conditions of women, in the absence of specific public policies, the situation of elderly women in these countries is likely to deteriorate due to the risks social isolation and economic precarity.
References
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[60] Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxf. Bull. Econ. Stat., 61: 653–670.
[61] Petreski, B., Tumanoska, D., Dávalos, J., and Petreski, M. (2018). New light on the remittances‐poverty‐health nexus in Macedonia. International Migration, 56(5): 26-41.
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[3] Adams, R. H., and Page, J. (2003). International migration, remittances, and poverty in developing countries (Vol. 3179). World Bank Publications.
[4] Agadjanian, V., Hayford, S. R., and Jansen, N. A. (2021). Men's migration and women's mortality in rural Mozambique. Social Science & Medicine, 270: 113519.
[5] Ahmad, A. H., Pentecost, E. J., and Stack, M. M. (2023). Foreign aid, debt interest repayments and Dutch disease effects in a real exchange rate model for African countries. Economic Modelling, 126, 106434.
[6] Akoto, E. (1994). Évolution et déterminants de la mortalité en Afrique. Maîtrise de la croissance démographique et développement en Afrique, 49-69.
[7] Ali, M. M., Sadiq, R., and Javed, M. (2024). Workers’ Remittances and Socio-Economic Well-Being in Top Ten Remittances Receiving Developing Countries: The Role of Financial Development. Journal of Contemporary Macroeconomic Issues, 5: 1-15.
[8] Álvarez-Ayuso, I. C., Kao, C., and Romero-Jordán, D. (2018). Long run effect of public grants and tax credits on R&D investment: A non-stationary panel data approach. Economic Modelling, 75: 93-104.
[9] Amakom, U., and Iheoma, C. G. (2014). Impact of migrant remittances on health and education outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(8): 33-44.
[10] Amega, K. (2018). Remittances, education and health in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cogent Economics & Finance, 6(1), 1516488.
[11] Amuedo-Dorantes, C., and Pozo, S. (2011). New evidence on the role of remittances on healthcare expenditures by Mexican households. Review of Economics of the Household, 9: 69-98.
[12] Antón, J. I. (2010). The impact of remittances on nutritional status of children in Ecuador 1. International migration review, 44(2): 269-299.
[13] Azizi, S. (2018). The impacts of workers' remittances on human capital and labor supply in developing countries. Economic Modelling, 75: 377-396.
[14] Bare, U. A. A., Bani, Y., Ismail, N. W., and Rosland, A. (2021). Remittances and health outcomes in Sub-Saharan African countries: understanding the role of financial development and institutional quality. Economic Annals, 66(229): 119-144.
[15] Basu, B., and Biswas, A. (2024). Do remittances affect healthcare expenditure?: evidence from Kenya. Economics Bulletin, 44(3): 1034-1048.
[16] Bouoiyour, J. (2013). Les transferts des fonds des migrants marocains: Leviers de croissance et du développement.
[17] Bouoiyour, J., Selmi, R., and Miftah, A. (2016). What mitigates economic growth volatility in Morocco?: Remittances or FDI. Journal of Economic Integration, 65–102.
[18] Choi, I. (2001). Unit root tests for panel data. J. Int. Money Finance, 20: 249–272.
[19] Combes, J. L., Ebeke, C. H., Etoundi, S. M. N., and Yogo, T. U. (2014). Are remittances and foreign aid a hedge against food price shocks in developing countries? World Development, 54: 81-98.
[20] Cortes, G. (2016). Femmes et migrations: celles qui restent. Introduction. EchoGéo, (37).
[21] Crimmins, E. M., and Zhang, Y. S. (2019). Aging populations, mortality, and life expectancy. Annual Review of Sociology, 45: 69-89.
[22] Daoudi, N. (2001). La mortalité en Algérie depuis l'indépendance. Genus, 109-12.
[23] Dickey, D. A., and Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American statistical association, 74(366a): 427-431.
[24] Djeunankan, R., and Tekam, H. (2022). Do remittances matter for health outcomes in developing countries? Fresh evidence from a panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) model. International Journal of Development Issues, 21(3): 458-482.
[25] Escribà-Folch, A., Meseguer, C., and Wright, J. (2015). Remittances and democratization. International Studies Quarterly, 59(3): 571-586.
[26] Faini, R. (2007). Migrations et transferts de fonds. Impact sur les pays d’origine. Revue d’économie du développement, 15 (2): 153-182.
[27] Farid, S., Nour El-Deen, A.and El-Batrawy, R. (2013). Egypt-HIMS Egypt Household International Migration Survey 2013 Volume I Determinants and Consequences of International Migration. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics.
[28] Gaimard, M. (2008). Santé, morbidité et mortalité des populations en développement. Monde en développement, (2): 23-38.
[29] Gerber, T. P., and Torosyan, K. (2013). Remittances in the Republic of Georgia: Correlates, economic impact, and social capital formation. Demography, 50(4): 1279-1301.
[30] Gupta, S., Pattillo, C. A., & Wagh, S. (2009). Effect of remittances on poverty and financial development in Sub-Saharan Africa. World development, 37(1) : 104-115.
[31] Hajjem, S., and Achour, N. (2001). Espérance de vie sans incapacité de la population tunisienne âgée. Institut National de la Santé Publique, Tunis, 17-25.;
[32] Hao, S., Yang, H., Bi, R., Akinbode, S. O., and Aderemi, T. A. (2023). Effects of remittances on life expectancy and under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence using Generalized Method of Moments analysis. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 27(10) : 91-102.
[33] Hooy, C. W., Siong-Hook, L., and Tze-Haw, C. (2015). The impact of the Renminbi real exchange rate on ASEAN disaggregated exports to China. Economic Modelling, 47: 253-259.
[34] Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., and Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of econometrics, 115(1): 53-74.
[35] Jafrin, N., Masud, M. M., SEIF, A. N. M., Mahi, M., and Khanam, M. (2021). A panel data estimation of the determinants of life expectancy in selected SAARC countries. Operations Research and Decisions, 31(4): 69-87.
[36] Jureidini, R., Bartunkova, I., Ghoneim, A., Ilahi, N., and Ayjin, E. (2010). A study on remittances and investment opportunities for Egyptian migrants. IOM Cairo.
[37] Kadi, Y. (2020). Echoes of Home: The Impact of Male Migration on Left-Behind Women, Tadla-Azilal Villages as a Case Study. Ikhtilaf Journal of Critical Humanities and Social Studies, 1(3-4).
[38] Kan, S. (2021). Is an ounce of remittance worth a pound of health? The case of Tajikistan. International Migration Review, 55(2): 347-381.
[39] Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. J. Econom. 90: 1–44.
[40] Kao, C., Chiang, M.H. (2000). On the estimation and inference of a cointegration regression in panel data. Advances in Econometrics 15. Elsevier Science Publisher, pp. 179–222.
[41] Kriaa, M. and Ben Youssef, F. (2022). Fiches de l’observatoire nationales pour les migrations : Migrants actuels. Observatoire Nationales pour les Migrations.
[42] Kuhn, R. S. (2006). A longitudinal analysis of health and mortality in a migrant-sending region of Bangladesh. In Migration and health in Asia (pp. 177-208). Routledge.
[43] Kuziboev, B., Zografou, Z., Saidmamatov, O., and Chupanov, S. (2024). The nexus between remittances, natural resources, economic growth, healthcare and environmental sustainability in CIS countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 14(2): 419-425.
[44] Latif, E. (2015). The relationship between immigration and unemployment: Panel data evidence from Canada. Economic Modelling, 50: 162-167.
[45] Lei, L., and Desai, S. (2021). Male out-migration and the health of left-behind wives in India: The roles of remittances, household responsibilities, and autonomy. Social Science & Medicine, 280, 113982.
[46] Levitt, P. (1998). Social remittances: Migration driven local-level forms of cultural diffusion. International migration review, 926–948.
[47] Li, H., Zhang, X., Ma, F., and Osabohien, R. (2024). Out-of-pocket medical expenditures, remittances and health outcomes in China. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 28(8): 122-132.
[48] Marshall, L., Finch, D., Cairncross, L., and Bibby, J. (2019). Mortality and life expectancy trends in the UK: stalling progress. London: Health Foundation.
[49] McEvoy, J. P. (2008). Male out-migration and the women left behind: A case study of a small farming community in southeastern Mexico. Utah State University.
[50] Mohamed, B. (2024). Remittances of Algerian workers abroad-Wasted wealth. Journal of North African Economies, 20(35): 71-86.
[51] Moujoud, N. (2008). Effets de la migration sur les femmes et sur les rapports sociaux de sexe. Au-delà des visions binaires. Les cahiers du CEDREF. Centre d’enseignement, d’études et de recherches pour les études féministes, (16): 57-79.
[52] Narayan, P. K., and Narayan, S. (2005). Estimating income and price elasticities of imports for Fiji in a cointegration framework. Economic Modelling, 22(3): 423-438.
[53] Naatus, M. K. (2013). The socio-economic impact of migrant remittances on life expectancy and education in El Salvador. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(8).
[54] Nathaniel, A. O. (2019). Impact of remittances on healthcare utilisation and expenditure in developing countries: a systematic review. Rwanda Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2(3): 304-310.
[55] Ojijieme, N. G., Qi, X., and Chui, C. M. (2022). Do remittances enhance Elderly adults’ healthy social and physical functioning? A cross-sectional study in Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 1968.
[56] Omon, I. J. (2021). Migrant Remittances and Health Outcomes in the West Africa Monetary Zones (WAMZ). Romanian Economic Journal, 24(81).
[57] Paul, E. C., and Omeje, A. N. (2022). Remittance flows and health outcomes in Nigeria: implication for economic growth. International Journal of Social Sciences Perspectives, 11(2): 71-79.
[58] Pedroni, P. (2001a). Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. In Nonstationary panels, panel cointegration, and dynamic panels (pp. 93-130). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
[59] Pedroni, P. (2001b). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels. Review of Economics and statistics, 83(4): 727-731.
[60] Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxf. Bull. Econ. Stat., 61: 653–670.
[61] Petreski, B., Tumanoska, D., Dávalos, J., and Petreski, M. (2018). New light on the remittances‐poverty‐health nexus in Macedonia. International Migration, 56(5): 26-41.
[62] Phillips, P.C., Hansen, B.E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I (1) processes. Rev. Econ. Stud., 57 (1): 99–125.
[63] Ponce, J., Olivié, I., and Onofa, M. (2011). The role of international remittances in health outcomes in Ecuador: Prevention and response to shocks. International Migration Review, 45(3): 727-745.
[64] Sajoux, M., and Nowik, L. (2010). Vieillissement de la population au Maroc: réalités d’une métamorphose démographique et sources de vulnérabilité des aîné (e) s. Autrepart, (1): 17-34.
[65] Sangwan, N., and Tasciotti, L. (2023). Time to remit: the effect of remittances on household consumption and dietary diversity in India. IZA Journal of Development and Migration, 14(1).
[66] Shahbaz, M., Topcu, B. A., Sarıgül, S. S., and Vo, X. V. (2021). The effect of financial development on renewable energy demand: The case of developing countries. Renewable Energy, 178: 1370-1380.
[67] Stock, J.H., and Watson, M.W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 61 (4): 783–820.
[68] Tabutin, D., and Masquelier, B. (2017). Tendances et inégalités de mortalité de 1990 à 2015 dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire. Population, 72(2): 227-307.
[69] Ullah, S., Majeed, M. T., and Kiani, A. K. (2019). The Influence of Remittances on Education and Health Outcomes: An Analysis for South Asian Countries. Jinnah Business Review, 71.
[70] Valdero-Gil, J. (2009). Remittances and the household's expenditure on health. Journal of Business Strategies, 26(1): 119-140.
[71] Vaupel, J. W. (1986). How change in age-specific mortality affects life expectancy. Population studies, 40(1): 147-157.
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Published
2025-03-31
How to Cite
IBOURK, Aomar; ZENNATI, Oussama.
Impact of Remittances on Women’s Longevity in North African Countries.
Theoretical and Practical Research in Economic Fields, [S.l.], v. 16, n. 1, p. 154 - 169, mar. 2025.
ISSN 2068-7710.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/tpref/article/view/8785>. Date accessed: 11 apr. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v16.1(33).13.
Section
Articles
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