Mediating Effects of Motivation on the Factors Affecting Hawker Food Entrepreneurs Intention: A Study among University Hospitality Chinese Students

  • Tan Poh LEONG Faculty of Social Science, Arts and Humanities Tunku Abdul Rahman University College , Malaysia
  • Laily Hj PAIM Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

Abstract

Past scholars have focused on mostly business and entrepreneurial undergraduate students. There is a poor understanding of motivation (MA) factor as mediating variable explaining the relationships among various factors such as subjective norms (SN), barriers (BA), and hawker entrepreneurial intention among young Chinese hospitality undergraduate students. Therefore, this paper explores the relationships between motivation variables and the variables of Theory Reason Action (TRA) associated with Chinese university hospitality students’ intention to become hawker food entrepreneurs.


The research model reflects the effects of MA, SN and BA on TRA constructs have been proposed. In total, 141 cases were gathered from the survey. Structural equation modelling was used to measure the proposed theoretical research model. The result concluded that motivation discovered significantly support of this study but not subjective norm and barriers factor. The limitations in this study might have faults in responding as some respondents may have interest to work in a hotel rather than setting up as a hawker entrepreneur. Future research may investigate on those hospitality graduates that have already set up hawker entrepreneur this may prevent any mistake. The results of the study have contributed to the entrepreneurship body of new knowledge, especially in the Theory Reasoned Action, particularly in terms of hawker food entrepreneurial intention.

References

[1] Amran, M.R., Saif, R.K., Shaghayegh, M., Sumrera, J. 2013. Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention among graduate students of University Technology Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(2): 182 - 192.
[2] Ajzen, I., Fishbein, M. 2005. The influence of attitudes on behavior. In D. Albarracín, B. T. Johnson, and M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes, pp. 173-221, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
[3] Ajzen, I. 2012. The theory reasoned action. In Lange, P.A.M., Kruglanski, A.W., Higgins, E.T. (eds), Handbook of Theory of Social Psychology, 1. London: Sage.
[4] Akpomi, M.E, 2010. Preparedness of National Youth Service Corps Members in South-South Nigeria for entrepreneurship, Business Education journal: 7(2): 226-236.
[5] Ashley-Cotleur, C. King, S., Solomon, G. 2009. Parental and gender influences on entrepreneurial intentions, motivations and attitudes. Retrieved from http://usasbe.org/knowledge/proceedings/proceedingsDocs/ UASSBE2003PROCEEDINGS-12PDF
[6] Baron, R. M., Kenny, D. A. 1986. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51: 1173–1182.
[7] Bernama, 2015. Have an entrepreneur in the family, The Sun daily. Retrieved at December 23, 2015 from http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1644751
[8] Byrne, B. M. 2001. Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concept applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[9] Casson, M. 2003. Capital as a barrier to graduate entrepreneurship. Retrieved from http://book.google.co.za/ book?id=0sQCulLAf3u8Candpg=PA167andIpg=PA167anddq=capital+as+a+barrier+to+graduate+entrepreneurshipandsource .
[10] Eijdenberg, E.L., Masuel, E. 2013. Entrepreneurial motivation in a least developed country: Push factors and pull factors among MSEs in Uganda. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 21(1): 19-43.
[11] Engle, R., Dimitriadi, N., Gavidia, J., Schlaegel, C., Delanoe, S., Alvarado, I., He, X., Baume, S., Wolff, B. 2010. Entrepreneurial intent: a 12-country evaluation of Ajzen’s model of planned behaviour. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 16 (1): 35–57.
[12] Fatoki, O.O. 2010. Graduate entrepreneurial in South Africa: Motivations and obstacles. International Journals of Business and Management, 5 (9): 87-89.
[13] Foo, W.C, Norkhairul, H.B., and Wing, K.Y. 2013. Overview on SMSs family-run local coffee shop in Malaysia: Challenges and determinants of survival. Journal Technology, 103-107.
[14] Franco, M., Haase, H., and Lautenschlager, A. 2010. Students’ entrepreneurial intentions: An inter-regional comparison. Education and Training, 52(4): 260-275.
[15] Gird, A., Bagraim, J.J. 2008. The Theory of Planned Behaviour as predictor of entrepreneurial intent amongst final-year university students, South African Journal of Psychology, 38(4): 711-728.
[16] Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E. 2010. Multivariate Data Analysis (7th Ed). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
[17] Hu, L.T., Bentler, P.M. 1999. Cut off Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1): 1-55.
[18] Jacquline, T. 2012. Brewed culture (scenes from a Coffee Shop, Part 1). The edge. Retrieved September 15, from http//www.theedgemalaysia.com/lifestyle/214464-brewed-culture-scenes-from-a-kopitiam-part-1.html
[19] Keong, C.L. 2008. Entrepreneurial intention: An empirical study among Open University Malaysia students. Retrieved from http//www.eprints.oum.edu.my/306/1/Entrepreneurial_intention_An_Empirical_Study_ among_OUM_Students.pdf
[20] Krejcie, R. V., Morgan, D. W. 1970. Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30: 607-610.
[21] Kuratko, D. F., Hodgetts, R. M. 2007. Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process, Practice (7th Ed.), Mason, OH: Thomson/ South Western Publishing.
[22] Liang, C., Dunn, P. 2012. Entrepreneurial learning and business assessment--What new decisions would be made after learning? Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 24(1): 105-122.
[23] Lorz, M., Müller, S., Volery, T. 2011. Entrepreneurship education: A meta analysis of impact studies and applied methodologies, Conference Paper, FGF G-Forum 2011. Zurich.
[24] Mandl, I. 2008. Overview of family business relevant Issue. Final Report, Vienna Austrian Institute for SME Research.
[25] Maas, G., Herrington, M. 2006. Global entrepreneurship monitors South Africa report. Retrieved September 12, 2014 from http//www.gemconsortium.org/document.aspx?id756
[26] Muofhe, N.J., Du Toit, W.F. 2011. Entrepreneurial education’s and role models’ influence on career choice, South African Journal of Human Resource Management, 9(1), Art. #345, 15 pages. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ sajhrm.v9i1.345
[27] Muzaffar, A.T., Huq, I., and Malik., B.A. 2009. Entrepreneurs of the stress: An Analytical work on the street food vendors of Dhaka city. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(2): 80-88.
[28] Neneh, B. N. 2014. An assessment of entrepreneurial intention among university students in Cameroon. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(20): 542-552. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p542
[29] Ooi, U.K., Shuhymce, A. 2012. A study among university students in business start-up in Malaysia motivations and obstacles to become entrepreneurial. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(19): 181-192.
[30] Otuya, R., Kibas, P., Gichira, R., Martin, W. 2013. Entrepreneurship education: influencing students’ entrepreneurial intentions. International Journal of Innovative Research and studies, 2(4): 132-148.
[31] Papulova, Z., Makros, M. 2007. Importance of managerial skills and knowledge in management of small entrepreneurs. Retrieved from http://docs.google.com/gview?a=vandq=cache:72zbAzSbicJ:www.gcasa. com /PDF/PapulovMokros.pdf+managerial+skills+as+a+barrier+to+graduate+entrepreneurshipandhl=enandgl=z
[32] Perri, D. F., Chu, H. M. 2012. Entrepreneurs in China and Vietnam: Motivations and problems. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 16: 93-112.
[33] Rae, D., Woodier, N. 2006. Graduate career choices and entrepreneurship. National Council for Graduate Entrepreneurship, Birmingham.
[34] Sabrina, T. 2013. Young want a taste of being own boss at hawker stalls. The Straits Times. Retrieved February 05, 2013, from: http://www.stjobs.sg/career-resources/job-seeking-guide/young-want-a-taste-of-being-own-boss-at-hawker-stalls/a/104241
[35] Shamim, M.U. 2008. Building women in business: A situation analysis of women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Dhaka, 17
[36] Simola, V. 2011. Intrinsic or extrinsic? A study on motivational factors among a network of entrepreneurship mentors: Case Venture Cup Finland. Unpublished master’s thesis. Aalto University. Retrieved from http//hsepubl.lib.hse.fi/FL/ethesis/pdf/12483/he.ethesis_12483pdf
[37] Stanton, Emms, Sia. 2010. Malaysia retail food annual 2010. Gain report MY0016, USDA Foreign Agriculture Service. Available at: http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Retail%20Foods_Kuala%20 Lumpur_Malaysia_12-30-2010.pdf
[38] Schwarz, E.J., Wdowiak, M.A, Almer-Jarze, D.A., Breitenecker, R.J. 2009. The effect of attitudes and perceived environment conditions on students’ entrepreneurial intent. Education and Training, 51(4): 272 – 291. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00400910910964566
[39] Swierczek, F.W., and Ha, T.T. 2003. Entrepreneurial orientation, uncertainty avoidance and firm performance: an analysis of Thai and Vietnamese SMEs. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 4(1): 46-58.
[40] Thompson, E.R. 2009. Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 33(3): 669-694.
[41] Tung, X.F., Tung, D.Y.K., Loy, L.C. 2011. Factors influencing entrepreneurial intention among university students, International Journal Social Science and Humanities Studies, 3(1): 1301-8003.
[42] Turker, D., Selcuk, S. S. 2009. Which factors affect entrepreneurial intention of university students? Journal of European Industrial Training, 33 (2): 142 – 159. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090590910939049
[43] Uddin, M.R., Bose, T.K. 2012. Determines of entrepreneurial intention of business students in Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(24): 128-137. DOI: 10.5539 /ijbm.v7n24p128
[44] Vasiliadis, A., Poulios. 2007. Entrepreneurship among graduates: Reality and prospects in tertiary education. Proceedings of the Academy of Entrepreneurship. 13(1): 75-82.
[45] Venesaar, U., Kolbre, E., Piliste, T. 2006. Students’ Attitudes and Intentions toward Entrepreneurship at Tallinn University of Technology, TUTWPE, 154: 97-114.
[46] Wang, C. K., Wong, P.K. 2004. Entrepreneurial interest of university students in Singapore. Technovation 24(2): 163-172.
[47] Wee, C.H. 2004. Sun art of war: Be proactive, ever, ready and distance yourself from the competitors. Singapore Accountant, 20(4): 22-36.
[48] Westhead, P. 2003. Company performance and objectives reported by first and multi-generation family companies. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 10(1): 93-105.
[49] Wilson, F., Kickul, J., Marlino, D. 2007. Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications of entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship theory and Practice, 31(3): 387-406.
[50] Yeboah, A.S., Kumi, E., Awuah, B, J. 2013. An assessment of entrepreneurial intention among Sunyani Polytechnic marketing student. International review of Management and Marketing, 3(1): 37-49.
[51] Wilson, F., Kickul, J. et al. 2007. Gender, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Career Intentions: Implications for Entrepreneurship Education. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 31(3): 387-406.
*** Euromonitor International. 2011. Country report, consumer foodservice in Malaysia
*** The Straits Times. 2014. Penang says no to foreign hawkers. SoShiok. SG’s Yummiest Food News and Reviews. Retrieved at October 27, 2014 from: http://www.soshiok.com/content/penang-says-no-foreign-hawkers
Published
2017-03-10
How to Cite
LEONG, Tan Poh; PAIM, Laily Hj. Mediating Effects of Motivation on the Factors Affecting Hawker Food Entrepreneurs Intention: A Study among University Hospitality Chinese Students. Journal of Advanced Research in Management, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 29-42, mar. 2017. ISSN 2068-7532. Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jarm/article/view/804>. Date accessed: 28 mar. 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jarm.v7.1(13).02.