Middle Manager Leadership Behavior of Government Officials in Indonesia
Abstract
Changes in the leadership behavior of the middle managers in the ranks of government bureaucracy, including: insight, decision making, ability to influence others, the use of authority, and ability in interpersonal relationships, can be performed by increasing the educational value, leadership training, functional techniques as well as empowerment and development in the workplace. The empowerment and development includes\ improving organizational commitment such as: partiality attitude, working engagement, performance improvement, conflict control, a sense of commitment, obedience, and loyalty to the organization where a middle manager is in charge; and decreasing the sense of boundaries; setting clear and unambiguous standard of performance results and, equity in awarding activity, clear goals of the organization, warmth and support in the working relationship, and the risk-taking.
References
[1] Abdulrahman, Y.D. 2017. Job Satisfaction and Attitudes toward Organizational Change: A Study in the Local Government. International Journal of Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1072217org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1072217.
[2] Abu Bakir, Sahar Moh’d. 2019. Human Resources Development Strategy and Its Role in Promoting Employees Strategic Thinking Competencies: A Study at Jordanian Information Technology Companies. European Scientific Journal ESJ. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n4p238.
[3] Afsar, Bilal, and Asad Shahjehan. 2018. Linking Ethical Leadership and Moral Voice: The Effects of Moral Efficacy, Trust in Leader, and Leader-Follower Value Congruence. Leadership and Organization Development Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-01-2018-0015.
[4] Alaba, F.A., et al. 2018. An Evaluation of Virtual Organizational Structure on Employee Performance of Selected Telecommunication Companies in Kaduna State, Nigeria. In Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications, 696-707. Springer, Singapore.
[5] Anderson, Marc H., and Peter Y.T. Sun. 2017. Reviewing Leadership Styles: Overlaps and the Need for a New ‘Full-Range’ Theory. International Journal of Management Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12082.
[6] Behrendt, P., Matz, S., and Göritz, A.S. 2017. An Integrative Model of Leadership Behavior. Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.08.002.
[7] Blair, C.A., Helland, K., and Walton, B. 2017. Leaders Behaving Badly: The Relationship between Narcissism and Unethical Leadership. Leadership and Organization Development Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-09-2015-0209.
[8] Bourdieu, P., Coleman, J.S., Coleman, Z.W., and Moss Kanter, R. 2019. The Future of Bureaucracy and Hierarchy in Organizational Theory: A Report from the Field. In Social Theory for a Changing Society. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429306440-3.
[9] Cesário, F., and Chambel, M.J. 2017. Linking Organizational Commitment and Work Engagement to Employee Performance. Knowledge and Process Management. https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1542.
[10] Čierna, H., et al. 2017. Learning Organization at Higher Education Institutions in the EU: Proposal for Implementing Philosophy of Learning Organization - Results from Research. Quality and Quantity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-016-0332-3.
[11] Dahlberg, S., and Holmberg, S. 2014. Democracy and Bureaucracy: How Their Quality Matters for Popular Satisfaction. West European Politics. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2013.830468.
[12] David, N., McNutt, J.G., and Justice, J.B. 2018. Smart Cities, Transparency, Civic Technology and Reinventing Government. Public Administration and Information Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58577-2_2.
[13] Destler, K. Neem. 2017. A Matter of Trust: Street Level Bureaucrats, Organizational Climate and Performance Management Reform. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muw055.
[14] FäGersten, B. 2010. Bureaucratic Resistance to International Intelligence Cooperation - The Case of Europol. Intelligence and National Security. https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2010.537028.
[15] Fee, A., and McGrath-Champ, S. 2017. The Role of Human Resources in Protecting Expatriates: Insights from the International Aid and Development Sector. International Journal of Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1137617.
[16] Galván, Israel Patiño, and Ceja Pizano, J.J. 2017. Organization Structure Municipally, Ready To The Organizational Incorporation Of The Information Technologies. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.44.2760.
[17] Goleman, D. 2017. Leadership That Gets Results. Leadership Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315250601-9.
[18] Golembiewski, R.T. 2018. Organization Development and Change. Public Administration as a Developing Discipline. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315089331-6.
[19] Greene, R.R. 2017. Human Behavior Theory and Social Work Practice. Human Behavior Theory and Social Work Practice. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351327404.
[20] Hallová, M., Polakovic, P., and Slováková, I.2017. Current Trends in Training of Managers in the Field of Information and Communication Technologies and Identifying the Barriers to Education of Managers. Agris On-Line Papers in Economics and Informatics. https://doi.org/10.7160/aol.2017.090405.
[21] Hardiyana, A., Yusup, M., and Sidharta, I.2015. Perception of Work and Commitment toward Employee Satisfaction on Non-Ministerial Government Agencies in Bandung Indonesia. Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology.
[22] Hsu, D.K., Shinnar, R.S., Powell, B.C., and Coffey, B.S. 2017. Intentions to Reenter Venture Creation: The Effect of Entrepreneurial Experience and Organizational Climate. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242616686646.
[23] Inceoglu, Ilke, et al. 2018. Leadership Behavior and Employee Well-Being: An Integrated Review and a Future Research Agenda. Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.12.006.
[24] Jiménez, P., Winkler, B., and Dunkl, A. 2017. Creating a Healthy Working Environment with Leadership: The Concept of Health-Promoting Leadership. International Journal of Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1137609.
[25] Koh, Dohyoung, Kyootai Lee, and Kailash Joshi. 2019. Transformational Leadership and Creativity: A Meta-Analytic Review and Identification of an Integrated Model. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2355.
[26] Korzilius, H., Bücker, J.J.L.E., and Beerlage, S.2017. Multiculturalism and Innovative Work Behavior: The Mediating Role of Cultural Intelligence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.11.001.
[27] Lapointe, É., and Vandenberghe, C. 2018. Examination of the Relationships Between Servant Leadership, Organizational Commitment, and Voice and Antisocial Behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-3002-9.
[28] Levenson, A. 2014. Organization Design and Talent Strategies for Emerging Markets. Organizational Dynamics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2014.08.007.
[29] Li, A., McCauley, K.D., and Shaffer, J.A. 2017. The Influence of Leadership Behavior on Employee Work-Family Outcomes: A Review and Research Agenda. Human Resource Management Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.02.003.
[30] Liebowitz, J. 2016. Beyond Knowledge Management: What Every Leader Should Know. Beyond Knowledge Management: What Every Leader Should Know.
[31] Manzardo, A., et al. 2018. Definition and Application of Activity Portfolio and Control/Influence Approaches in Organizational Life Cycle Assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.262.
[32] Mlachila, Montfort, Tapsoba, R., and Sampawende, J.A. Tapsoba. 2017. A Quality of Growth Index for Developing Countries: A Proposal. Social Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1439-6.
[33] Moslehpour, M., et al. 2019. Organizational Climate and Work Style: The Missing Links for Sustainability of Leadership and Satisfied Employees. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3358135.
[34] Musa, Y., et al. 2018. An Impact of Transformational Leadership on Employees’ Performance: A Case Study in Nigeria. Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications, 708-719. Springer, Singapore.
[35] Nandedkar, A., and Brown, R.S.2017. Should I Leave or Not? The Role of LMX and Organizational Climate in Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Turnover Relationship. Journal of Organizational Psychology.
[36] Nazir, Owais, and Jamid Ul Islam. 2017. Enhancing Organizational Commitment and Employee Performance through Employee Engagement: An Empirical Check. South Asian Journal of Business Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-04-2016-0036.
[37] Nikpour, A. 2017. The Impact of Organizational Culture on Organizational Performance: The Mediating Role of Employee’s Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Organizational Leadership. https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2017.60432.
[38] Noraziah, A., Syarmil, A.A.F., Herawan, T., and Razak, M.A., 2011. Measuring human performance using annual work target evaluation system. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 28, 120-126.
[39] Opoku-Dakwa, Akwasi, Chao C. Chen, and Rupp, D.E. 2018. CSR Initiative Characteristics and Employee Engagement: An Impact-Based Perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2281.
[40] Pan, Zhigeng, et al. 2006. Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality for Virtual Learning Environments. Computers and Graphics (Pergamon). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2005.10.004.
[41] Parke, M.R., and Myeong Gu Seo. 2017. The Role of Affect Climate in Organizational Effectiveness. Academy of Management Review. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2014.0424.
[42] Paul, Justin, Sundar Parthasarathy, and Parul Gupta. 2017. ‘Exporting Challenges of SMEs: A Review and Future Research Agenda.’ Journal of World Business. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.01.003.
[43] Rao, Gudivada Venkat. 2017. The Influence of Business Restructuring in Public Sector Unit on the Relationship between Organizational Climate, Perceived Performance and Job Satisfaction. Academy of Strategic Management Journal.
[44] Rodrik, D. 2018. Populism and the Economics of Globalization. Journal of International Business Policy. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-018-0001-4.
[45] Rudolph, Cort W., Ian M. Katz, Kristi N. Lavigne, and Hannes Zacher. 2017. Job Crafting: A Meta-Analysis of Relationships with Individual Differences, Job Characteristics, and Work Outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.05.008.
[46] Schneider, B., González-Romá, V., Ostroff, C., and West, M.A.2017. Organizational Climate and Culture: Reflections on the History of the Constructs in the Journal of Applied Psychology. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000090.
[47] Shanker, R., Ramudu Bhanugopan, van der Heijden, B.I.J.M., and Farrell, M.2017. Organizational Climate for Innovation and Organizational Performance: The Mediating Effect of Innovative Work Behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.02.004.
[48] Shuck, B., et al. 2018. Human Resources Development and Career Development: Where Are We, and Where Do We Need to Go. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/nha3.20205.
[49] Sroufe, R. 2017. Integration and Organizational Change towards Sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.180.
[50] Steers, R. M., and Lee, T.W. 2017. Facilitating Effective Performance Appraisals: The Role of Employee Commitment and Organizational Climate. Performance Measurement and Theory. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315211947-5.
[51] Sun, Li, and Chanchai Bunchapattanasakda. 2019. Employee Engagement: A Literature Review. International Journal of Human Resource Studies. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v9i1.14167.
[52] Svensson, P.G., Andersson, F.O., and Faulk, L. 2018. A Quantitative Assessment of Organizational Capacity and Organizational Life Stages in Sport for Development and Peace. Journal of Sport Management. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2017-0244.
[53] Trong Tuan, Luu. 2017. Knowledge Sharing in Public Organizations: The Roles of Servant Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. International Journal of Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1113550.
[54] Yang, Ziwei, Haina Zhang, Ho Kwong Kwan, and Shouming Chen. 2018. Crossover Effects of Servant Leadership and Job Social Support on Employee Spouses: The Mediating Role of Employee Organization-Based Self-Esteem. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2943-3.
[55] Yeomans, Liz. 2017. Qualitative Methods in Business Research. Action Learning: Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767333.2017.1358600.
[56] Zohar, Dov M., and Hofmann, D.A. 2012. Organizational Culture and Climate. In The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199928309.013.0020.
[2] Abu Bakir, Sahar Moh’d. 2019. Human Resources Development Strategy and Its Role in Promoting Employees Strategic Thinking Competencies: A Study at Jordanian Information Technology Companies. European Scientific Journal ESJ. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n4p238.
[3] Afsar, Bilal, and Asad Shahjehan. 2018. Linking Ethical Leadership and Moral Voice: The Effects of Moral Efficacy, Trust in Leader, and Leader-Follower Value Congruence. Leadership and Organization Development Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-01-2018-0015.
[4] Alaba, F.A., et al. 2018. An Evaluation of Virtual Organizational Structure on Employee Performance of Selected Telecommunication Companies in Kaduna State, Nigeria. In Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications, 696-707. Springer, Singapore.
[5] Anderson, Marc H., and Peter Y.T. Sun. 2017. Reviewing Leadership Styles: Overlaps and the Need for a New ‘Full-Range’ Theory. International Journal of Management Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12082.
[6] Behrendt, P., Matz, S., and Göritz, A.S. 2017. An Integrative Model of Leadership Behavior. Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.08.002.
[7] Blair, C.A., Helland, K., and Walton, B. 2017. Leaders Behaving Badly: The Relationship between Narcissism and Unethical Leadership. Leadership and Organization Development Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-09-2015-0209.
[8] Bourdieu, P., Coleman, J.S., Coleman, Z.W., and Moss Kanter, R. 2019. The Future of Bureaucracy and Hierarchy in Organizational Theory: A Report from the Field. In Social Theory for a Changing Society. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429306440-3.
[9] Cesário, F., and Chambel, M.J. 2017. Linking Organizational Commitment and Work Engagement to Employee Performance. Knowledge and Process Management. https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1542.
[10] Čierna, H., et al. 2017. Learning Organization at Higher Education Institutions in the EU: Proposal for Implementing Philosophy of Learning Organization - Results from Research. Quality and Quantity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-016-0332-3.
[11] Dahlberg, S., and Holmberg, S. 2014. Democracy and Bureaucracy: How Their Quality Matters for Popular Satisfaction. West European Politics. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2013.830468.
[12] David, N., McNutt, J.G., and Justice, J.B. 2018. Smart Cities, Transparency, Civic Technology and Reinventing Government. Public Administration and Information Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58577-2_2.
[13] Destler, K. Neem. 2017. A Matter of Trust: Street Level Bureaucrats, Organizational Climate and Performance Management Reform. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muw055.
[14] FäGersten, B. 2010. Bureaucratic Resistance to International Intelligence Cooperation - The Case of Europol. Intelligence and National Security. https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2010.537028.
[15] Fee, A., and McGrath-Champ, S. 2017. The Role of Human Resources in Protecting Expatriates: Insights from the International Aid and Development Sector. International Journal of Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1137617.
[16] Galván, Israel Patiño, and Ceja Pizano, J.J. 2017. Organization Structure Municipally, Ready To The Organizational Incorporation Of The Information Technologies. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.44.2760.
[17] Goleman, D. 2017. Leadership That Gets Results. Leadership Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315250601-9.
[18] Golembiewski, R.T. 2018. Organization Development and Change. Public Administration as a Developing Discipline. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315089331-6.
[19] Greene, R.R. 2017. Human Behavior Theory and Social Work Practice. Human Behavior Theory and Social Work Practice. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351327404.
[20] Hallová, M., Polakovic, P., and Slováková, I.2017. Current Trends in Training of Managers in the Field of Information and Communication Technologies and Identifying the Barriers to Education of Managers. Agris On-Line Papers in Economics and Informatics. https://doi.org/10.7160/aol.2017.090405.
[21] Hardiyana, A., Yusup, M., and Sidharta, I.2015. Perception of Work and Commitment toward Employee Satisfaction on Non-Ministerial Government Agencies in Bandung Indonesia. Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology.
[22] Hsu, D.K., Shinnar, R.S., Powell, B.C., and Coffey, B.S. 2017. Intentions to Reenter Venture Creation: The Effect of Entrepreneurial Experience and Organizational Climate. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242616686646.
[23] Inceoglu, Ilke, et al. 2018. Leadership Behavior and Employee Well-Being: An Integrated Review and a Future Research Agenda. Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.12.006.
[24] Jiménez, P., Winkler, B., and Dunkl, A. 2017. Creating a Healthy Working Environment with Leadership: The Concept of Health-Promoting Leadership. International Journal of Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1137609.
[25] Koh, Dohyoung, Kyootai Lee, and Kailash Joshi. 2019. Transformational Leadership and Creativity: A Meta-Analytic Review and Identification of an Integrated Model. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2355.
[26] Korzilius, H., Bücker, J.J.L.E., and Beerlage, S.2017. Multiculturalism and Innovative Work Behavior: The Mediating Role of Cultural Intelligence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.11.001.
[27] Lapointe, É., and Vandenberghe, C. 2018. Examination of the Relationships Between Servant Leadership, Organizational Commitment, and Voice and Antisocial Behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-3002-9.
[28] Levenson, A. 2014. Organization Design and Talent Strategies for Emerging Markets. Organizational Dynamics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2014.08.007.
[29] Li, A., McCauley, K.D., and Shaffer, J.A. 2017. The Influence of Leadership Behavior on Employee Work-Family Outcomes: A Review and Research Agenda. Human Resource Management Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.02.003.
[30] Liebowitz, J. 2016. Beyond Knowledge Management: What Every Leader Should Know. Beyond Knowledge Management: What Every Leader Should Know.
[31] Manzardo, A., et al. 2018. Definition and Application of Activity Portfolio and Control/Influence Approaches in Organizational Life Cycle Assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.262.
[32] Mlachila, Montfort, Tapsoba, R., and Sampawende, J.A. Tapsoba. 2017. A Quality of Growth Index for Developing Countries: A Proposal. Social Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1439-6.
[33] Moslehpour, M., et al. 2019. Organizational Climate and Work Style: The Missing Links for Sustainability of Leadership and Satisfied Employees. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3358135.
[34] Musa, Y., et al. 2018. An Impact of Transformational Leadership on Employees’ Performance: A Case Study in Nigeria. Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications, 708-719. Springer, Singapore.
[35] Nandedkar, A., and Brown, R.S.2017. Should I Leave or Not? The Role of LMX and Organizational Climate in Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Turnover Relationship. Journal of Organizational Psychology.
[36] Nazir, Owais, and Jamid Ul Islam. 2017. Enhancing Organizational Commitment and Employee Performance through Employee Engagement: An Empirical Check. South Asian Journal of Business Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-04-2016-0036.
[37] Nikpour, A. 2017. The Impact of Organizational Culture on Organizational Performance: The Mediating Role of Employee’s Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Organizational Leadership. https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2017.60432.
[38] Noraziah, A., Syarmil, A.A.F., Herawan, T., and Razak, M.A., 2011. Measuring human performance using annual work target evaluation system. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 28, 120-126.
[39] Opoku-Dakwa, Akwasi, Chao C. Chen, and Rupp, D.E. 2018. CSR Initiative Characteristics and Employee Engagement: An Impact-Based Perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2281.
[40] Pan, Zhigeng, et al. 2006. Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality for Virtual Learning Environments. Computers and Graphics (Pergamon). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2005.10.004.
[41] Parke, M.R., and Myeong Gu Seo. 2017. The Role of Affect Climate in Organizational Effectiveness. Academy of Management Review. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2014.0424.
[42] Paul, Justin, Sundar Parthasarathy, and Parul Gupta. 2017. ‘Exporting Challenges of SMEs: A Review and Future Research Agenda.’ Journal of World Business. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.01.003.
[43] Rao, Gudivada Venkat. 2017. The Influence of Business Restructuring in Public Sector Unit on the Relationship between Organizational Climate, Perceived Performance and Job Satisfaction. Academy of Strategic Management Journal.
[44] Rodrik, D. 2018. Populism and the Economics of Globalization. Journal of International Business Policy. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-018-0001-4.
[45] Rudolph, Cort W., Ian M. Katz, Kristi N. Lavigne, and Hannes Zacher. 2017. Job Crafting: A Meta-Analysis of Relationships with Individual Differences, Job Characteristics, and Work Outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.05.008.
[46] Schneider, B., González-Romá, V., Ostroff, C., and West, M.A.2017. Organizational Climate and Culture: Reflections on the History of the Constructs in the Journal of Applied Psychology. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000090.
[47] Shanker, R., Ramudu Bhanugopan, van der Heijden, B.I.J.M., and Farrell, M.2017. Organizational Climate for Innovation and Organizational Performance: The Mediating Effect of Innovative Work Behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.02.004.
[48] Shuck, B., et al. 2018. Human Resources Development and Career Development: Where Are We, and Where Do We Need to Go. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/nha3.20205.
[49] Sroufe, R. 2017. Integration and Organizational Change towards Sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.180.
[50] Steers, R. M., and Lee, T.W. 2017. Facilitating Effective Performance Appraisals: The Role of Employee Commitment and Organizational Climate. Performance Measurement and Theory. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315211947-5.
[51] Sun, Li, and Chanchai Bunchapattanasakda. 2019. Employee Engagement: A Literature Review. International Journal of Human Resource Studies. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v9i1.14167.
[52] Svensson, P.G., Andersson, F.O., and Faulk, L. 2018. A Quantitative Assessment of Organizational Capacity and Organizational Life Stages in Sport for Development and Peace. Journal of Sport Management. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2017-0244.
[53] Trong Tuan, Luu. 2017. Knowledge Sharing in Public Organizations: The Roles of Servant Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. International Journal of Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1113550.
[54] Yang, Ziwei, Haina Zhang, Ho Kwong Kwan, and Shouming Chen. 2018. Crossover Effects of Servant Leadership and Job Social Support on Employee Spouses: The Mediating Role of Employee Organization-Based Self-Esteem. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2943-3.
[55] Yeomans, Liz. 2017. Qualitative Methods in Business Research. Action Learning: Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767333.2017.1358600.
[56] Zohar, Dov M., and Hofmann, D.A. 2012. Organizational Culture and Climate. In The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199928309.013.0020.
Published
2020-03-31
How to Cite
BASUKI, Johanes.
Middle Manager Leadership Behavior of Government Officials in Indonesia.
Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 2, p. 301 – 320, mar. 2020.
ISSN 2068-696X.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jarle/article/view/5098>. Date accessed: 27 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.2(48).04.
Section
Articles
The Copyright Transfer Form to ASERS Publishing (The Publisher)
This form refers to the manuscript, which an author(s) was accepted for publication and was signed by all the authors.
The undersigned Author(s) of the above-mentioned Paper here transfer any and all copyright-rights in and to The Paper to The Publisher. The Author(s) warrants that The Paper is based on their original work and that the undersigned has the power and authority to make and execute this assignment. It is the author's responsibility to obtain written permission to quote material that has been previously published in any form. The Publisher recognizes the retained rights noted below and grants to the above authors and employers for whom the work performed royalty-free permission to reuse their materials below. Authors may reuse all or portions of the above Paper in other works, excepting the publication of the paper in the same form. Authors may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the above Paper for the Author's personal use or for internal company use, provided that the source and The Publisher copyright notice are mentioned, that the copies are not used in any way that implies The Publisher endorsement of a product or service of an employer, and that the copies are not offered for sale as such. Authors are permitted to grant third party requests for reprinting, republishing or other types of reuse. The Authors may make limited distribution of all or portions of the above Paper prior to publication if they inform The Publisher of the nature and extent of such limited distribution prior there to. Authors retain all proprietary rights in any process, procedure, or article of manufacture described in The Paper. This agreement becomes null and void if and only if the above paper is not accepted and published by The Publisher, or is with drawn by the author(s) before acceptance by the Publisher.