Diversification: Complementary Assets and Super Additive Synergy

  • Yulia SAFTIANA Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics, Sriwijaya University, Inderalaya, OganIlir, Sumatera Selatan, Indonesia
  • SULASTRI SULASTRI Department of Management, Faculty of Economics, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia
  • ISNURHADI ISNURHADI Department of Management, Faculty of Economics, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia
  • Mohamad ADAM Department of Management, Faculty of Economics, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia
  • Fida MUTHIA Department of Management, Faculty of Economics, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia

Abstract

Diversification is a strategy choice at the corporate level for a variety of reasons, including the benefits of economies of scope or the exploitation of complementary assets synergies. Although the two concepts of economies of scope and synergy are different constructs, it will ultimately lead to how diversification through complementary assets that can create value. Empirical testing has been done with the event study method using 117 manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange to answer how the availability of financial assets and operations before diversification is invested during the diversification and its impact on performance after diversification. The result of the test using the structural equation method after satisfying the assumption of goodness of fit measurement parsimony, proves that the use of complementary assets at the time of diversification creates no value, with the synergy sensitivity value <1 for leverage, retained earning and replacement cost of investment and still contributes negatively on profitability one year after diversification.

References

[1] Amit, R., and Schoemaker, P. 1993. Strategic assets and organizational rent. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14 No. 1: 33-46.
[2] Ansoff, H.I. 1965. Corporate Strategy: An Ana- lytic Approach to Business Policy for Growth and Expansion, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
[3] Ansoff, H.I.1965 Corporate Strategy, New York, McGraw Hill.
[4] Andrew, A., and Pitt, M. 2000. Asset valuation of specialised public sector listed buildings by depreciated replacement cost. Journal of Property Investment & Finance. 1463-578X, 1463-578X
[5] Argyres, N.S. 2009). Internal organization from a transaction cost perspective. Advances in Strategic Management (Vol. 26). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0742-3322(2009)0000026010.
[6] Banko, J., Beyer, S., Dowen, R. 2010. Economies of scope and scale in the mutual-fund industry. Managerial Finance, 36(4), 322–336. https://doi.org/10.1108/03074351011027529.
[7] Barney, J.B. 2001. Resource-based theories of competitive advantage: A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view. Journal of Management, Vol. 27 No.6: 643-650.
[8] Barney, J.B., Ketchen, D.J., Wright, M. 2011. The Future of Resource-Based Theory: Revitalization or Decline? Journal of Management 1299-1315.
[9] Benner, M.J., and Tushman, M.L. 2003. Exploitation, exploration, and process management: the productivity dilemma revisited. Academy ofManagement Review, Vol. 28 No. 2: 238-256.
[10] Benito-Osorio, D., Guerras-Martı´n, L.A´., Zun˜ iga-Vicente, J.A´. 2012. Four decades of research on product diversification: A literature review. Management Decision, 50(2), 325?344.
[11] Bertin, M.L.Jr., Wornie, L.R. 2015. Chapter 4 Racial Justice under President Obama: A Misuse of the Bully Pulpit. Donald Cunnigen, Marino Bruce ISBN: 978-1-78350-982-9 eISBN: 978-1-78350-981-2.
[12] Besanko, D., Dranove, D., and Shanley, M. 2000. Economics of strategy. New York: John Wiley&Sons.
[13] Blanchard, B.S., Verma, D., and Peterson, E.L. 1995. Maintainability: A Key to Effective Serviceability and Maintenance Management, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
[14] Bruder, J. 2009. On Real Effects of Financial Synergies.
[15] Case, T., Crops, T.T. 2015. Economics and Ecology of Diversification. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7294-5.
[16] Chang, S.J., and Choi, U. 1988. Strategy structure and performance of Korean business groups. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 37: 141-158.
[17] Chandler, A. 1962. Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of the American industrial enterprise. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
[18] Corning, P.A. 1995. Synergy and Self-Organization in the Evolution of Complex Sys- tems’. Systems Research 12(2), 89–121
[19] Corning, P.A. 2000. The Synergism Hypothesis: On the Concept of Synergy and its Role in the Evolution of Complex Systems. Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems 21(2), 133–172
[20] Cyriac, J., Koller, T., Thomsen, J. 2012. Testing the limits of diversification. McKinsey Quarterly
[21] Cross, R., Baird, L. 2000. Technology is not enough: Improving performance by building organizational memory. Sloan Management Review, 41(3): 69-78.
[22] Damodaran, A. 2005. The Value of Synergy, Stern School of Business, New York, NY.
[23] Eisenhardt, K.M., and Martin, J.A. 2000. Dynamic capabilities: what are they? Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21, October-November Special Issue: 1105-1121.
[24] Fenn, G.W., Liang, N., and Prowse, S. 1995. The Economics of the Private Equity Market. Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
[25] Foss, N., Iversen, M. 1997. Promoting synergies in multiproduct firms: Toward a resource-based view. Department of Industrial Economics and Strategy, Copenhagen Business School.
[26] Garzella, S., Raffaele, F. 2014. A synergy measurement model to support the pre-deal decision making in mergers and acquisitions. Management Decision, Vol. 52 Iss 6: 1194 - 1216.
[27] Gimeno, J., Woo, C.Y. 1999. Multimarket contact, economies of scope, and firm per- formance. Academy of Management Journal, 42: 239–259.
[28] Gomez-Meija, L.R., Cruz, C., Berrone, P., and De Castro, J. 2011. The bind that ties: socio-economic wealth preservation in family firms. The Academy of Management Annals, Vol. 5No. 1: 653-707.
[29] Ghosh Ray, K., Ghosh Ray, S. 2014. Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions: Modelling Synergy for Value Creation. In Advances in Mergers and Acquisitions. Published online: 11 Sep 2014; 113-134.
[30] Gunther McGrath, R., MacMillan, I. 2001. Guidelines for managing with an entrepreneurial mindset. Strategy & Leadership, Vol. 29 Issue: 1, https://doi.org/10.1108/sl.2001.26129aab.002.
[31] Halldorsson, A. et al. 2007. Complementary theories to supply chain management. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 12 Issue: 4: 284-296, https://doi.org/10.1108/13598540710759808.
[32] Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., and Black, W. 1998. Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
[33] Hill, R. 2015. The Race Problematic in the Age of Barack Obama’ In Race in the Age of Obama: Part 2. Published online: 26 May 2015; 31-46.
[34] Hitt, M.A., Bierman, L., Uhlenbruck, K., Shimizu, K. 2006. The importance of resources for the internationalization of professional service firms: The good, the bad and the ugly. Academy of Management Journal, in press.
[35] Hitt, M.A., Harrison, J.S., Ireland, R.D. 2001. Mergers and acquisitions: A guide to creating value for stakeholders. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
[36] Holcomb, T.R., Holmes, R.M., Hitt, M.A. 2006. Ecology and Strategy Diversification to Achieve Scale and Scope: The Strategic Implications of Resource Management for Value Creation. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MRR-09-2015-0216.
[37] Hofer, C.W., and Schendel, D. 1978. Strategy For-mulation:Analytical concepts, West Publish-ing, St Paul, Mn.
[38] Hynes, N., Mollenkopf, D. 2008. Capturing strategic outcomes: An analysis of motives, objectives and outcomes. International jounal technology management, 439(1-3): 194-211.
[39] Jensen, M.C. 1986. Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance and takeovers. American Economic Review, 76(2): 323-329.
[40] Johnson, O.E.G. 2016. Economic Diversifi cation and Growth in Africa.
[41] Graham, K. 2009. Diversification Strategy. Great Britain and the United States in 2009 by Kogan Page Limited ISBN 978 0 7494 5664 1.
[42] King, D.R. 2014. The Influence of Complementary Resources on Firm Boundary Decisions .In Advances in Mergers and Acquisitions. Published online: 07 Oct 2014; 25-42.
[43] Ketchen, D.J., Snow, C.C., Hoover, V. 2004. Research on competitive dynamics: Recent accomplishments and future challenges. Journal of Management, 30: 779-804.
[44] Kim, D.Y., and Kim, J. 2014. Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility and Governance on Its Credit Ratings. The Scientific World Journal, 2014.
[45] Knecht, M., Diversifi. 2014. Diversifi cation, Industry Dynamism, and Economic Performance.
[46] Jackowicz, K., Mielcarz, P., Wnuczak, P. 2017. Fair Value, Equity Cash Flow and Project Finance Valuation.
[47] Lopes, I.T. 2010. Towards a complementary intangibles reporting approach. Measuring Business Excellence, Vol. 14 Iss 4: 24 - 34.
[48] Lindeberg, M., Hjort, K. 2009. High aspect ratio ‘multiple wire’ microvias in flexible PCBs. Circuit World, Vol. 35 Issue: 4: 8-21, https://doi.org/10.1108/03056120911002370.
[49] Liu, H.-Y., Hsu, C.-W. 2011. Antecedents and consequences of corporate diversification: A dynamic capabilities perspective Antecedents and consequences of corporate diversification A dynamic capabilities perspective. Management Decision Management Decision, Review of Accounting and Finance, 49(2): 1510–1534. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741111173961.
[50] Lumpkin, G.T., and Dess, G.G. 1996. Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 21: 135-172.
[51] Luo, X., Zhou, L., and Liu, S.S. 2005. Entrepreneurial firms in the context of China’s transition economy: an integrative framework and empirical examination. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 58: 277-284.
[52] Mansi, S., Reeb, D. 2002. Corporate diversification: What gets discounted? Journal of Finance, 57(5): 2167–2183.
[53] Markowitz, H. 1952. Portfolio Selection. Journal of Finance, 7(1): 77–91.
[54] Markides, C., and Williamson, P.J. 1994. Related diversification, core competencies and corporate performance. Strategic Management Journal, Vol 15.
[55] McNamara, N. 2012. Speech and language therapy within a forensic support service. Journal of Learning Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, Vol. 3 Iss 2: 111 - 117.
[56] McGrath, P.J., Singh, H. 2016. Resource Reconfiguration and Transactions across Firm Boundaries: The Roles of Firm Capabilities and Market Factors. In Resource Redeployment and Corporate Strategy. Published online: 31 Aug 2016: 217-251.
[57] Meyer, A.D., Tsui, A.S., and Hinings, C.R. 1993. Configurational approaches to organizational analysis. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 36 No. 6: 1175-1195.
[58] Miller, D. 1986. Configurations of strategy and structure: towards a synthesis. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 7: 233-249.
[59] Miller, D. 1988. Relating Porter’s business strategies to environment and structure: analysis and performance implications. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 31 No. 2: 280-308.
[60] Milgrom, P., Qian, Y., and Roberts, J. 1991. Complementarities, momentum, and the evolution of modern manufacturing. American Economic Review,Vol. 81 No. 2: 84-8.
[61] Milgrom, P., and Roberts, J. 1990. The economics of modern manufacturing: technology, strategy, and organization. American Economic Review, Vol. 80 No. 3: 511-28.
[62] Milgrom, P., Roberts, J. 1995. Complementarities and fit strategy, structure, and organiza- tional change in manufacturing. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 19(2-3): 179-208.
[63] Myers, S.C., and Majluf, N. 1984. Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions When Firms Have Information That Investors Do Not Have. Journal of Financial Economics, 13: 187–221.
[64] Nadler, D.A., Tushman, M.L. 1999. The Organization of the Future: Strategic Imperatives and Core Competencies for the 21st Century. Organizational Dynamics, 28(1): 45-60(16).
[65] Nayyar, P. 1992. On the measurement of corporate diversification: evidence from large US service firms. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 13: 219-35.
[66] French, N., Gabrielli, L. 2007. Market value and depreciated replacement cost: contradictory or complementary? Journal of Property Investment & Finance, Vol. 25 Iss 5: 515 - 524.
[67] Palich, L., Cardinal, L., and Miller, C. 2000. Curvlinearity in the diversification-performance linkage: an examination of over three decades of research. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21 No. 2: 155-74.
[68] Peteraf, M.A. 1993. The Cornerstones of competitive advantatage: A resource-based view. Strategic manajemen jounal, 14: 179-191.
[69] Prahalad, C.K., and Ramaswamy, V. 2004. Co-creation experiences: the next practice in valuecreation. Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18 No. 3: 5-14.
[70] Prahalad, and Hamel. 1990). The Core Competences of the corporation strategy. Harvard Business Review: 45-59.
[71] Ramanujam, V., Varadarajan, P. 1989. Research on corporate diversification: A synthesis. Strategic Management Journal, 10: 523–551.
[72] Richardson, I. 2006. Medieval settlement on the Holnicote Estate. Unpublished report for the National Trust.
[73] Ruf, F. 2015. Economics and Ecology of Diversification, Quæ, R10,78026 Versailles cedex, France.
[74] Rumelt, R.P. 1974. Strategy, Structure, and Economic Performance. Harvard Business Scholl Classic
[75] Rumelt, R.P., Schendel, D.E., and Teece, D.J. (Eds) 1994. Fundamental Issues in Strategy: A Research Agenda, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
[76] Sabidussi, A. 2014. A Height–Distance View on Exploration and Exploitation. In Exploration and Exploitation in Early Stage Ventures and SMEs.
[77] Samet, M., Jarboui, A. 2017. Corporate social responsibility and payout decisions. Managerial Finance, https:// doi.org/10.1108/MF-01-2017-0020.
[78] Seldon, M.R. 1979. Life Cycle Costing: A Better Method of Government Procurement, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
[79] Selman, J.R., Schneider, R. 2005. The impact of life-cycle cost management on portfolio strategies. Journal of Facilities Management, Vol. 3 Iss 2: 173 - 183.
[80] Siggelkow, N, Rivkin, JW. 2005. Speed and search: designing organizations for turbulence and complex- ity. Organization Science 16(2): 101–122.
[81] Stimpert, J., and Duhaime, I. 1997. In the eyes of the beholder: conceptualizations of relatedness held by managers of large diversified firms. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18 No. 2: 111-25.
[82] Stiglitz, J., and Weiss, A. 1981. Credit rationing in markets with imperfect information. American Economic Review, Vol. 71 No. 3: 393-410.
[83] Sulastri, et al. 2016. Diversification strategy and risk reduction. I J A B E R, Vol. 14, No. 13, (2016): 8931-8952.
[84] Tabachnick, B.G., and Fidell, L.S. 1996. Using Multi-variate Statistics, 3rd ed., Harper Collins College Publishers, New York, NY.
[85] Tanriverdi, H., and Venkatraman, N. 2005. Knowledge relatedness and the performance of multibusiness firms. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 26: 97-119.
[86] Teece, D.J. 1982. Towards an Economic Theory of theMultiproduct Firm. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 3: 39–63.
[87] Teece, D.J.,Pisano, G., and Shuen, A. 1997. Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management, Strategic Management Journal Vol.18;7.
[88] Thomson, J.A.K., Tredennick, H., and Barnes, J. 2004. Aristotel - The Nicomachean Ethics, London, England: Penguin Books
[89] Upadhyayula, K.D.R.S. 2015. Two paths to diversification: Performance implications of related diversification across two dimensions in professional service firms. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 10(1): 32–51. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3563(2012)000012B005.
[90] Weiss, M. 2016. Related Diversification: A Critical Reflection of Relatedness and the Diversification-Performance Linkage. Advances, 161–180. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-361X20160000015009.
[91] Winter, S.G. 2003. Understanding dynamic capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24: 991-995.
[92] Wiliamson, O.E. 1989. The Firm, The Market, and The Law. California Law Review, Vol. 77 Issue 1, P223, 9P.
[93] Wyatt, P. 2009. Replacement cost and market value. Journal of Property Investment & Finance, Vol. 27 Iss 6: 593 - 602.
[94] Yu-Hung Chien, Chin-Chih, Chang, Shey-Huei, Sheu. 2010. Optimal age-replacement model with age- dependent type of failure and random lead time based on a cumulative repair-cost limit policy. Annals of Operations Research 181:1: 723-744.
[95] Zanger, Todd. R., and Huang, X.J. 2015. Limits to the scale and scope of the firm. In Economi Institutions of strategy. 267-286.
[96] Zollo, M., Winter, S.G. 2002. Deliberate learning and the evolution of dynamic capa- bilities. Organization Science, 13: 339–351
Published
2018-12-12
How to Cite
SAFTIANA, Yulia et al. Diversification: Complementary Assets and Super Additive Synergy. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 664-679, dec. 2018. ISSN 2068-696X. Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jarle/article/view/2495>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9 2(32).29.