Codification of the Natural Resource Legislation in the Russian Empire

  • Eleonora Sergeevna NAVASARDOVA North Caucasian Federal University, Stavropol, Russian Federation
  • Roman Vladimirovich NUTRIKHIN North Caucasian Federal University, Stavropol, Russian Federation
  • Tatyana Nikolaevna ZINOVYEVA North Caucasian Federal University, Stavropol, Russian Federation
  • Vladimir Aleksandrovich SHISHKIN North Caucasian Federal University, Stavropol, Russian Federation
  • Julia Valeryevna JOLUDEVA North Caucasian Federal University, Stavropol, Russian Federation

Abstract

The codification of the legislation on lands, forests, subsoil and other natural resources in the Russian Empire (1721-1917) is studied herein. Some sources of the systematization process in this field of legislation in the period, preceding the formation of the empire, from the time of the ʼCouncil Codeʼ to the reforms of Peter I (1649-1720) are revealed. Initially, the formation of the legal regulation in this field had the form of adoption of numerous separate legal acts. Such law-making methods were casual in nature and resulted in the emergence of internal contradictions in the legislation, which became too extensive and inconsistent. This was the strong reason for the urgent need for its systematization. The land law was most developed in Russia in the pre-imperial and imperial periods, which was due to the prevalence of agricultural production and the special importance of land relations. The land legislation was codified prior to other natural resource industries. The second most important in this area was the forest legislation. This was explained by the abundance of forests and their active use in economic activities, which required serious legal regulation. The importance of subsoil legislation had increased over time, due to increased exploitation of mineral resources. Later, water and faunal law began to develop actively and systematically. The milestone in the development of natural resource industries was M.M. Speransky's codification reform, the main result of which was the appearance of the ʼCode of Laws of the Russian Empireʼ. The separate codes included in it were specifically devoted to land, forest and mineral relations. First of all, they were the ʼCode of Survey Lawsʼ (vol. X), the ʼCode of Institutions and Forest Chartersʼ (vol. VIII) and the ʼCode of Institutions and Mineral Chartersʼ (vol. VII), which, however, were only the part of the array of legal norms on lands, forests and subsoil. Other volumes of the Code of Laws contained a large number of them. The norms of water and faunal law had no separate codes. Their systematization was carried out in the charters of the related branches of law. Along with this codification, a large number of separate normative nature-resource acts were issued. Not all of them were organically included in the relevant codes; they simply joined them as the official annexes. The systematization of the legislation on natural resources in the empire was not very consistent and was not always successful (Engelstein 1993: 339). Even after the most extensive imperial codification, it remained extremely fragmented. However, the demerger of certain natural resource charters from the Code of Laws as the separate codification units indicated the beginning of the formation of the land, forest and mineral law in pre-revolutionary Russia as the independent branches.

References

[1] Bentham, J. 1817. Papers Relative to Codification and Public Instruction: Including Correspondence with the Russian Emperor, and Divers Constituted Authorities in the American United States. London.
[2] Bowring, B. 2013. Law, Rights and Ideology in Russia: Landmarks in the Destiny of a Great Power. New York: Routledge.
[3] Burbank, J. 2004. Russian Peasants Go to Court: Legal Culture in the Countryside, 1905-1917. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
[4] Butler, W. 2014. On Constitutional Reform in Imperial Russia. Russian Law Journal, 2(4), 204-206.
[5] Engelstein, L. (1993). Combined Underdevelopment: Discipline and the Law in Imperial and Soviet Russia. American Historical Review, 98(2), 338–353.
[6] Gordon, B.S. 1996. Reforming the Russian Legal System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[7] Hagen, M. 1997. Writing the History of Russia as Empire: The Perspective of Federalism. In Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg: Multiple Faces of the Russian Empire. Moscow: O.G.I.
[8] Kappeler, A. 2001. The Russian Empire: A Multiethnic History. Harlow: Longman.
[9] Kibalnik, A.G. 2015. Slozhnosti v ponimanii prestuplenii protiv poryadka upravleniya [The Complexity of Understanding Crimes against the Order of Governance]. Kriminologicheskii zhurnal Baikalskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta ekonomiki i prava, 9(3), 475-482.
[10] Kollmann, N.S. 2017. The Russian Empire 1450-1801. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[11] Korkunov, N.M. General Theory of Law. London: MacMillan.
[12] Maleshin, D. Chief Editor's Note on the 150th Anniversary of the Great Judicial Reform of the Russian Empire. Russian Law Journal, 2(4), 5-7.
[13] Martin, V. 2001. Law and Custom in the Steppe: The Kazakhs of the Middle Horde and Russian Colonialism in the Nineteenth Century. Richmond: Curzon Press.
[14] Medvedev, S.N., Melnikova, M.P., Bichko, M.A., Ivahnenko, S.N., Schegolkov, V.A. 2016. Possession: Historical and Legal Study in light of RF Civil Code Improvement. Man in India, 96(10), 4119 – 4127.
[15] Moon, D. 1992. Russian Peasants and Tsarist Legislation on the Eve of Reform: Interaction between Peasants and Officialdom, 1825-1855. London: MacMillan.
[16] Navasardova, E.S., Kolesnikova, K.V. 2016. O porokakh ekologicheskogo zakonodatelstva, pitayushchikh korruptsiyu [On the Flaws in Environmental Legislation That Feed Corruption]. Kriminologicheskii zhurnal Baikalskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta ekonomiki i prava, 10(1), 185 – 193.
[17] Navasardova, E.S., Klyukovskaya, I.N., Galstyan, I.S., Kolesnikova, K.V., Nutrikhin, R.V. 2015. Some of the Corruptogenic Factors of Environmental Legislation in the Russian Federation. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(Special Issue), 8 – 14.
[18] Owen, T.C. 1991. The Corporation Under Russian Law, 1800-1917: A Study in Tsarist Economic Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[19] Raeff, M. 1957. Michael Speransky: Statesman of Imperial Russia 1772 – 1839. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
[20] Rylsky, P., Weitz, K. 2014. The Impact of the Russian Civil Judicial Proceedings Act of 1864 on the Polish Civil Proceedings. Russian Law Journal, 2(4), 78-90.
[21] Smirnov, D.A., Strus, K.A. 2015. General Scientific Analysis of Implementation of Principles of Law in the Contemporary Russian Legal Basis. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(S10), 84867.
[22] Tolstova, A.E., Ibragimova, N.S., Komarevceva, I.A., Landina, O.V., Lukyaynova, N.G. 2016. Legal Regulation of Tourist Activities: Retrospective Analysis, Current State and Prospects of Development. Man in India, 96(10), 4165-4177.
[23] Whisenhunt, W.B. 2001. In Search of Legality: Mikhail M. Speranskii and the Codification of Russian Law. Lublin: East European Monographs.
[24] Yanovsky, A.E. 1895. Kodifikatsiya [Codification]. In F.A. Brockhaus, and I.A. Efron (Eds.), Entsiklopedicheskii slovar [Encyclopedic Dictionary] (Vol. XV-a). St. Petersburg: Tipolitografiya I.A. Efrona.
Published
2018-09-23
How to Cite
NAVASARDOVA, Eleonora Sergeevna et al. Codification of the Natural Resource Legislation in the Russian Empire. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 1, p. 183-193, sep. 2018. ISSN 2068-696X. Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jarle/article/view/2301>. Date accessed: 02 nov. 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.1(31).23.