Improvement of Legal Measures to Prevent Crime with Regard to Minors in Kazakhstan

  • Svetlana M. BAIMOLDINA Department of Criminal Law Disciplines, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
  • Sholpan A. ZABIKH Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Counselor of the international law firm ‘Zancompany’, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Abstract

The relevance of this study is due to the problem of increasing crime among minors and against minors themselves. The purpose is to identify the characteristics of the victim's and deviant behavior of minors who commit offenses and themselves become victims of criminally punishable crimes in Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation.


The leading approach to the study of this problem is the analysis of legal norms governing the rights and responsibilities of minors, the use of statistical information on the state of minors' delinquency and against minors themselves, and the study of the experience of leading legal scholars who have studied this problem.


The study identifies the main trends in the victim's and deviant behavior of minors; develops methods to improve the criminal law provisions on liability for crimes committed against minors, as well as those minors who commit criminal offenses. 


The materials of the article can be useful in the educational process in the study of problems related to the protection of children's rights, victim and deviant behavior of minors, as well as the prevention of violations in this area, the improvement of legal norms governing the rights and responsibilities of minors.

References

[1] Autoriteti i Konkurrencës. 2006. Fjalorth terminologjik i konkurrencës. Tirana: Aferdita.
[2] Autoriteti i Konkurrencës. 2006. Politika Kombëtare e Konkurrencës. Tirana: Aferdita.
[3] Autoriteti i Konkurrencës. 2011. Raporti Vjetor 2010 dhe Synimet Kryesore të Punës Për Vitin 2011. Tirana.
[4] Avdeev, V. A. 2002. Stages of legal regulation of the post-criminal minor behavior. Criminal law, 104-105.
[5] Baimoldina, S. M. 2008. Criminological trafficking of children problems. Materials of the international scientific-practical conference ‘Modern problems of crime prevention: national practice and international experience, 41-46.
[6] Bastrykin, A. I. 2017. Оnline crimes against minors: to the issue of victimological prevention and criminal law assessment. Russian Journal of Criminology, 5–12.
[7] Becker, G. 1968. Crime and Punishment: an economic approach. Journal of Political Economy, 169-217.
[8] Bisyarina, A. N. 2015. Legal basis for combating trafficking in minors for the purpose of removing organs or tissues: current state of the problem. Russian investigator, 15-19.
[9] Broka, P., and Laçi, A. 2010. The evolution of Albanian Competition Law and Policy and its implementation, as a challenge for the EUintegration. challenges of Albania's integration in European Union. I, pp. 75-89. Tirana: U.F.O. University Press.
[10] Broka, P., and Nazifi, E. 2010. Are criminal punishments necessary for proper enforcement of competition law in Albania? Crimminal law and economy. Tirana: University of Tirana.
[11] Broka, P., and Nazifi, E. 2011. Risitë në të drejtën shqiptare të konkurrencës. Studime Juridike.
[12] Chmielowiec, J. 2012. Health politics and strategies of action against drug addiction in European countries and the States. Family Medicine and Primary Care Review, 97-98.
[13] Cisneros, D. 2002. Virtual child pornography on the Internet: a «virtual» victim? Duke Law and Technology Review, 19-28.
[14] Colino, S. M. 2011. Competition Law of the EU and UK (7th edition ed.). Oxford: Oxfor University Press.
[15] Commision of the European Communities. 2001. Report from the Commision to the Council On the work of the EU/Albania High Level Steering Group, in preparation for the negotiation of a Stabilisation and Association Agreement with Albania. Brussels.
[16] Crow, M., and Bales, W. 2006. Sentencing Guidelines and Focal Concerns: The Effect of Sentencing Policy as a Practical Constraint on Sentencing Decisions. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 285-304.
[17] Cruz, J. B. 2002. Between Competition and free movement: the economical constitutional law of the European community. Oxford - Portland Oregon: Hart Publishing.
[18] Dajkovic, I. 2004. Competing to Reform: An Analysis of the New Competition Law in Albania. European Competiiton Law Review, 734 - 740.
[19] DeHart, D. 2017. Internet sexual solicitation of children: a proposed typology of offenders based on their chats, e-mails, and social network posts. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 77–89.
[20] Dyke, A. R. 2003. Crime and Punishment: Economic Models of Crime and the Criminal Justice System. Chapel Hill, NC.
[21] Espino-Duque, G.P. 2010. Criminalidad en cifras: delitos en Colombia, 2009. Revista Criminalidad , 15-141.
[22] European Bank For Reconstruction and Development. 2011. Transitions Report - Crisis in Transition: The People's Perspective.
[23] European Commision. 2006. Commision Staff working Paper Albania 2006 Progress Report. Brussels.
[24] European Commision. 2007. Commision Staff working Paper Albania 2007 Progress Report. Brussels.
[25] European Commision. 2009. Commision Staff working Paper Albania 2009 Progress Report. Brussels.
[26] European Commision. 2011. Commision Staff working Paper Albania 2011 Progress Report. Brussels.
[27] European Commison. 2008. Commision Staff working Paper Albania 2008 Progress Report. Brussels.
[28] European Commission. 2005. Commision Staff working Paper Albania 2005 Progress Report. Brussels.
[29] Fleissner, D. 1996. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design and Community Policing. Washington: NIJ.
[30] Forouzandeh, S. 2014, June 25. Content marketing through data mining on Facebook social network . Retrieved July 01, 2017, from Webology: http://www.webology.org/2014/v11n1/a118.pdf
[31] Garavaglia, J.C. 1996. Paz, Orden y Trabajo en la Campaña: La Justicia Rural y los Juzgados de Paz en Buenos Aires, 1830-1852. Desarrollo Económico.
[32] Gilinsky, Y.I. 2009. Criminology: theory, history, empirical base, social control. St. Petersburg: n.a.
[33] Girfanov, R.M., and Kalinkina, M. Y. 2008. Russian and foreign experience in combating violence against children. Questions of juvenile justice, 58-68.
[34] Gruda, S., and Milo, L. 2010, December. SMEs development and competition policy in Albania. PECOB's Paper Series (06).
[35] Gruda, S., Melani, P., and Bushati, B. 2011. Application of Competition Policy and Law in Small and Transition economies - Albanian Case. EuroEconomica (4).
[36] Huang, X. 2013. Seeing the social roles of brands: How physical positioning influences brand evaluation. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 509-514.
[37] Johnson, B.D. 2005. Contextual Disparities in Guidelines Departures: Courtroom social contexts, guidelines compliance, and extralegal disparities in criminal sentencing. Criminology , 761-796.
[38] Kalpinskaya, O.E. 2012. Organization of the prosecutor's office work on the prevention of delinquency. Bulletin of Novgorod State University, 51-55.
[39] Kasaruho, A. (n.d.). Albanian American Freedom House. Retrieved November 15, 2011, from http://www.aafhsite.com/apps/blog/entries/show/6296704-fara-e-ligesise-nuk-eshte-zhdukur
[40] Këllezi, P. 2009. Albania: Introducing competition law. Concurrences, 2.
[41] Këllezi, P. 2004. E drejta e Konkurrencës: Kurs për shkollën e Magjistraturës. Geneve.
[42] Leal Buitrago, F. 1989. Estado y Política en Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Siglo XXI Editores.
[43] Leichtentritt, R.D. 2002. Construction of the victim impact statement for sexually abused minors: A dramaturgy approach. British Journal of Social Work, 1067–1087.
[44] Lekaj, R., and Skëndaj, J. 2009. Albania. Enforcement of Competition Law.
[45] Lievens, E. 2014. Bullying and sexting in social networks: protecting minors from criminal acts or empowering minors to cope with risky behaviour? International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 251–270.
[46] Mehlhop S.J. 2002. The Impcat of Sentencing Reforms on Criminals and the Criminal Justice System. Atlanta.
[47] Ministria e Drejtësisë. 2010. Relacion mbi projekt-ligjin për gjykimin e konflikteve administrative dhe organizimin e drejtësisë administrative. Report on Draft law.
[48] Montenegro, A., and Posada, C.E. 1995. Criminalidad en Colombia. Coyuntura Económica.
[49] Mursalieva, G. 2017. Children in the network. Child safety helmet on the Internet. Moscow: AST.
[50] Nair, A. 2006. Albania. In P. S. Mehta (Ed.), Competition Regimes in the World: A Civil Society Report. Jaipur: Consumer Unity and Trust Society.
[51] Podgornaya, S.V. 2012. Factors of criminogenic and vicmenogenic nature, which contribute to sexual assault on minors. Russian investigator, 37-40.
[52] Project against corruption in Albania (PACA). 2010. Preliminary assessment of the Albanian competition authority for the purpose of anti-corruption risk assessment. Technical Paper, Council of Europe, Department of Information Society and Action Against Crime.
[53] Qendra e Publikimeve Zyrtare. 2009. Kushtetuta e Republikës së Shqipërisë. Tirana: Qendra e publikimeve zyrtare.
[54] Quayle, E., and Newman, E. 2016. Quayle E. An exploratory study of public reports to investigate patterns and themes of requests for sexual images of minors online. Crime Science, 21.
[55] Redondo-Sama, G. 2014. Not without them: The inclusion of minors’ voices on cyber harassment prevention. Qualitative Inquiry, 895–901.
[56] Repetskaya, A.L. 2008. Victimological characteristics of regional crime and its prevention. Moscow: Academia.
[57] Rubio, M. 1999. Crimen e Impunidad. Precisiones sobre la Violencia. Bogotá D.C.: Tercer Mundo.
[58] Rubio, M. 1995. Crimen y Crecimiento en Colombia. Coyuntura Económica.
[59] Sánchez, F. 2007. Las Cuentas de la Violencia. Bogotá D.C.: Norma.
[60] Sánchez, F., and Fazio, A. 2010. Educational Effects of 19th Century Disentailment of Catholic Church Land. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 1-27.
[61] Schulz, A. 2016. Online sexual solicitation of minors: how often and between whom does it occur? ournal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 165–188.
[62] Scientists' notes of the Pacific National University. 2014. Scientists' notes of the Pacific National University. Scientists' notes of the Pacific National University, 340-344.
[63] Seddon, T. 2006. Drugs, Crime and Social Exclusion: Social Context and Social Theory in British Drugs-Crime Research. The British Journal of Criminology, 680-702.
[64] Semenyuk, R.A. 2013. Modern (early) prevention of illegal behavior of minors as a basis for crime prevention. Bulletin of Tomsk State University, 114-118.
[65] Soldatova, G.V., Nestik, T.A., Rasskazova, E.I., and Zotova, E.Y. 2013. Digital competence of adolescents and parents. Results of the all-Russian study. Moscow: Internet Development Fund.
[66] Soldatova, G.V., Zotova, E.Y., Chekalin, A.I., and Gostimskaya, O.S. 2011. Aught by one network: Social and psychological study of children's and adults' views about the Internet. Moscpw: Foundation for Internet Development.
[67] Soldatova, G., Rasskazova, E., Zotova, E., Lebesheva, M., and Roggendorf, P. 2012, n.a. Children of Russia online: risks and safety. The results of the international project EU KidsOnline II in Russia. Retrieved July 01, 2017, from detionline.com: http://detionline.com/assets/files/helpline/RussianKidsOnline_Final%20ReportRussian.pdf
[68] Steele, A.E. 2016. Steele A.E. Arguing an Attempted Rape Charge Within the Complex World of Pedophiles and Internet Chat Rooms. New England Journal on Criminal and Civil Confinement, 229.
[69] Surtees, R. 2005. Other Forms of Trafficking in Minors: Articulating Victim Profiles and Conceptualizing Interventions. Nexus Institute to Combat Human Trafficking and International Organization for Migration, 32.
[70] Tener, D. 2015. Typology of offenders who use online communications to commit sex crimes against minors. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 319–337.
[71] Trujillo, E., and Badel, M.E. 1998. Los Costos Económicos de la Criminalidad y la Violencia en Colombia: 1991-1996. Archivos de Macroeconomía, 1-44.
[72] Tsirtsis, A. 2016. Cyber security risks for minors: a taxonomy and a software architecture. Semantic and Social Media Adaptation and Personalization (SMAP) 2016: 11th International Workshop, 93–99.
[73] Vasquez, T., Vargas, A., and Restrepo, J. 2011. Una vieja guerra en un nuevo contexto. Conflicto y territorio en el sur de Colombia. Bogotá D.C.: Universidad Javeriana.
[74] Verin, V.V. 2012. Factors increasing the level of delinquency and the reasons for its determination in conditions of social change. Moscow: n.a.
[75] Weishaar, S.E., and Milaj, J. 2007. Ligji për konkurrencën në Shqipëri dhe koherenca e tij me acquis communautaire: zbatimi i përbashkët i neneve 3(g), 10(2), 81 dhe 82 të Traktatit të Komunitetit Europian. E drejta parlamentare dhe ligjore (XL), 4-28.
[76] Wolak, J. 2004. Internet-initiated sex crimes against minors: Implications for prevention based on findings from a national study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 424–433.
[77] Yarovenko, V.V., Yarovenko, E.V., and Poleshchuk, O.V. 2007. Factors of the social environment influencing the process of formation of adolescents with deviant behavior. n.a.: Right and Politics.
[78] Zabryanskiy, G.I. 2014. Social control over delinquency (prevention of crimes in the system of social control. Scientific works of the Russian Academy of Advocacy and Notaries, 53-60.
Published
2017-10-22
How to Cite
BAIMOLDINA, Svetlana M.; ZABIKH, Sholpan A.. Improvement of Legal Measures to Prevent Crime with Regard to Minors in Kazakhstan. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 3, p. 738-748, oct. 2017. ISSN 2068-696X. Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jarle/article/view/1442>. Date accessed: 26 apr. 2024.